"Language in Use" creatively brings together, for the first time, perspectives from cognitive linguistics, language acquisition, discourse analysis, and linguistic anthropology. The physical distance between nations and continents, and the boundaries between different theories and subfields within linguistics have made it difficult to recognize the possibilities of how research from each of these fields can challenge, inform, and enrich the others. This book aims to make those boundaries more transparent and encourages more collaborative research. The unifying theme is studying how language is used in context and explores how language is shaped by the nature of human cognition and social-cultural activity. "Language in Use" examines language processing and first language learning and illuminates the insights that discourse and usage-based models provide in issues of second language learning. Using a diverse array of methodologies, it examines how speakers employ various discourse-level resources to structure interaction and create meaning. Finally, it addresses issues of language use and creation of social identity. Unique in approach and wide-ranging in application, the contributions in this volume place emphasis on the analysis of actual discourse and the insights that analyses of such data bring to language learning as well as how language shapes and reflects social identity - making it an invaluable addition to the library of anyone interested in cutting-edge linguistics.

The volume explores key convergences between cognitive and discourse approaches to language and language learning, both first and second. The emphasis is on the role of language as it is used in everyday interaction and as it reflects everyday cognition. The contributors share a usage-based perspective on language - whether they are examining grammar or metaphor or interactional dynamics - which situates language as part of a broader range of systems which underlie the organization of social life and human thought. While sharing fundamental assumptions about language, the particulars of the areas of inquiry and emphases of those engaged in discourse analysis versus cognitive linguistics are diverse enough that, historically, many have tended to remain unaware of the interrelations among these approaches. Thus, researchers have also largely overlooked the possibilities of how work from each perspective can challenge, inform, and enrich the other. The papers in the volume make a unique contribution by more consciously searching for connections between the two broad approaches. The results are a set of dynamic, thought-provoking analyses that add considerably to our understanding of language and language learning. The papers represent a rich range of frameworks within a usage-based approach to language. Cognitive Grammar, Mental Space and Blending Theory, Construction Grammar, ethnomethodology, and interactional sociolinguistics are just some of the frameworks used by the researchers in this volume. The particular subjects of inquiry are also quite varied and include first and second language learning, signed language, syntactic phenomena, interactional regulation and dynamics, discourse markers, metaphor theory, polysemy, language processing and humor. The volume is of interests to researchers in cognitive linguistics, discourse and conversational analysis, and first and second language learning, as well as signed languages.

Since the emergence of cognitive linguistics in the 1980s, metaphor has been regarded as one of the fundamental areas of language and cognition. Nevertheless, few empirical studies have focused on synesthetic metaphors, which involve transfer from one sensory domain to another. This study provides a theoretical and empirical analysis of synesthetic metaphors for sound such as bright sound and sharp voice. Corpus analysis of literary works shows that synesthetic metaphors are similar in English and Japanese. However, some differences exist in the types of linguistic expressions that accompany the metaphors (e.g., onomatopoeia) and the aspects of sounds that are described (e.g., sound source). Based on the experimental data involving three different types of sounds - environmental sounds, music, and speech - it becomes evident that synesthetic metaphors are related to the physical aspects of stimuli as well as cultural tendencies. The study brings together research findings on metaphor and sound from wide-ranging fields, and should be useful to metaphor researchers in linguistics, philosophy, literature, music theory, anthropology, psychology, and neuroscience.