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Large ships transporting hazardous cargoes, notorious marine accidents, and damage to marine ecosystems from tanker spills have heightened public concern for the safe navigation of ships. This new volume offers a complete, highly readable assessment of marine navigation and piloting. It addresses the application of new technology to reduce the probability of accidents, controversies over the effectiveness of waterways management and marine pilotage, and navigational decisionmaking. The book also explores the way pilots of ships and tugs are trained, licensed, and held accountable. Minding the Helm approaches navigational safety from the perspectives of risk assessment and the integration of human, technological, and organizational systems. Air and marine traffic regulation methods are compared, including the use of vessel traffic services. With a store of current information and examples, this document will be indispensable to federal and state pilotage and licensing authorities and marine traffic regulators, the Coast Guard, pilot associations, and the shipping and towing industries. It will also interest individuals involved in waterway design, marine education, and the marine environment. Table of Contents Front Matter EXECUTIVE SUMMARY THE MARINE NAVIGATION AND PILOTING SYSTEM PILOTING PRACTICES PILOTAGE ADMINISTRATION RISK, THE OPERATING ENVIRONMENT, AND SAFETY MARINE TRAFFIC REGULATION NAVIGATION AND PILOTING TECHNOLOGY A HUMAN SYSTEMS PERSPECTIVE ON MARINE NAVIGATION AND PILOTING RESEARCH NEEDS A VISION OF THE FUTURE CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS APPENDIXES APPENDIX A: Biographies APPENDIX B: Acknowledgements APPENDIX C: Papers Prepared for this Study APPENDIX D: A Review of Studies Covering U.S. Navigable Waters APPENDIX E: Central Features of a Complete Pilotage System APPENDIX F: Pilot Training Requirements APPENDIX G: A Primer on Navigation Technologies APPENDIX H: Summary Report of European Trip GLOSSARY REFERENCES INDEX