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Masers and Lasers: An Historical Approach examines the progress of
research and practical use of lasers chronologically, covering the
fundamental science in detail alongside fascinating biographical
sketches of famous physicists and summaries of seminal papers. It
supplies helpful drawings of prototype devices, conceptual diagrams
to aid in understanding, and remarkable historical photographs.
This Second Edition contains new chapters on ultrashort pulse
lasers and nonlinear optics, incorporates the latest developments
and insights from key scientists, and includes extensive updates on
fiber lasers, amplifiers, ultraviolet and X-ray lasers, and
plasmonic lasers.
Since the invention of the first working laser in 1960, development
of these devices has progressed at an unprecedented rate, to the
extent that the laser is now a common part of everyday life, from
the semiconductor laser used in CD players and telecommunication
systems to the high power eximer lasers used in manufacturing
processes. This book traces the history of the laser, from the
first theoretical predictions of stimulated emission made in the
1920s, through the experimental development of masers and lasers in
the 50s and 60s, to the advanced applications of lasers in the
present day. Along the way it tells the fascinating and at times
controversial story of the people behind the discoveries. Written
in a style suitable for the general public, it will be of interest
to those working within the laser community, and to anyone with an
interest in the history of science.
Since the invention of the first working laser in 1960, development
of these devices has progressed at an unprecedented rate, to the
extent that the laser is now a common part of everyday life, from
the semiconductor laser used in CD players and telecommunication
systems to the high power eximer lasers used in manufacturing
processes. This book traces the history of the laser, from the
first theoretical predictions of stimulated emission made in the
1920s, through the experimental development of masers and lasers in
the 50s and 60s, to the advanced applications of lasers in the
present day. Along the way it tells the fascinating and at times
controversial story of the people behind the discoveries. Written
in a style suitable for the general public, it will be of interest
to those working within the laser community, and to anyone with an
interest in the history of science.
This monograph provides an introductory discussion of evanescent
waves and plasmons, describes their properties and uses, and shows
how they are fundamental when operating with nanoscale optics. Far
field optics is not suitable for the design, description, and
operation of devices at this nanometre scale. Instead one must work
with models based on near-field optics and surface evanescent
waves. The new discipline of plasmonics has grown to encompass the
generation and application of plasmons both as a travelling
excitation in a nanostructure and as a stationary enhancement of
the electrical field near metal nanosurfaces. The book begins with
a brief review of the basic concepts of electromagnetism, then
introduces evanescent waves through reflection and refraction, and
shows how they appear in diffraction problems, before discussing
the role that they play in optical waveguides and sensors. The
application of evanescent waves in super-resolution devices is
briefly presented, before plasmons are introduced. The surface
plasmon polaritons (SPPs) are then treated, highlighting their
potential applications also in ultra-compact circuitry. The book
concludes with a discussion of the quantization of evanescent waves
and quantum information processing. The book is intended for
students and researchers who wish to enter the field or to have
some insight into the matter. It is not a textbook but simply an
introduction to more complete and in-depth discussions. The field
of plasmonics has exploded in the last ten years, and most of the
material treated in this book is scattered in original or review
papers. A short comprehensive treatment is missing; this book is
intended to provide just that.
The book describes from a historical point of view how cosmic rays
were discovered. The book describes the research in cosmic rays.
The main focus is on how the knowledge was gained, describing the
main experiments and the conclusions drawn. Biographical sketches
of main researchers are provided. Cosmic rays have an official date
of discovery which is linked to the famous balloon flights of the
Austrian physicist Hess in 1912. The year 2012 can therefore be
considered the centenary of the discovery.
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