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There is considerable interest, both fundamental and technological,
in the way atoms and molecules interact with solid surfaces. Thus
the description of heterogeneous catalysis and other surface
reactions requires a detailed understand ing of molecule-surface
interactions. The primary aim of this volume is to provide fairly
broad coverage of atoms and molecules in interaction with a variety
of solid surfaces at a level suitable for graduate students and
research workers in condensed matter physics, chemical physics, and
materials science. The book is intended for experimental workers
with interests in basic theory and concepts and had its origins in
a Spring College held at the International Centre for Theoretical
Physics, Miramare, Trieste. Valuable background reading can be
found in the graduate-Ievel introduction to the physics of solid
surfaces by ZangwilI(1) and in the earlier works by Garcia Moliner
and F1ores(2) and Somorjai.(3) For specifically molecule-surface
interac tions, additional background can be found in Rhodin and
Ertl(4) and March.(S) V. Bortolani N. H. March M. P. Tosi
References 1. A. Zangwill, Physics at Surfaces, Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge (1988). 2. F. Garcia-Moliner and F.
Flores, Introduction to the Theory of Solid Surfaces, Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge (1979). 3. G. A. Somorjai, Chemistry in
Two Dimensions: Surfaces, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New
York (1981). 4. T. N. Rhodin and G. Erd, The Nature of the Surface
Chemical Bond, North-Holland, Amsterdam (1979). 5. N. H. March,
Chemical Bonds outside Metal Surfaces, Plenum Press, New York
(1986)."
This book is concerned primarily with the fundamental theory
underlying the physical and chemical properties of crystalIine
semiconductors. After basic introductory material on chemical
bonding, electronic band structure, phonons, and electronic
transport, some emphasis is placed on surface and interfacial
properties, as weil as effects of doping with a variety of
impurities. Against this background, the use of such materials in
device physics is examined and aspects of materials preparation are
discussed briefty. The level of presentation is suitable for
postgraduate students and research workers in solid-state physics
and chemistry, materials science, and electrical and electronic
engineering. Finally, it may be of interest to note that this book
originated in a College organized at the International Centre for
Theoretical Physics, Trieste, in Spring 1984. P. N. Butcher N. H.
March M. P. Tosi vii Contents 1. Bonds and Bands in Semiconductors
1 E. Mooser 1. 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. 2. The
Semiconducting Bond . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.
3. Bond Approach Versus Band Model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1. 4. Construction of
the Localized X by Linear Combination of n Atomic Orbitals . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13 1. 5. The General Octet Rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . 23 1. 6. The Aufbau-Principle of the Crystal
Structure of Semiconductors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 1. 7. A Building Principle
for Polyanionic Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 29 I. H. Structural Sorting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 1. 9. Chemical Bonds and
Semiconductivity in Transition-Element Compounds . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 46 1. 10. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 References . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 2. Electronic Band Structure
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 G. Grosso 2. 1. Two
Different Strategies for Band-Structure Calculations . . . . . . .
55 2. 2. The Tight-Binding Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . .
Presenting the latest advances in artificial structures, this
volume discusses in-depth the structure and electron transport
mechanisms of quantum wells, superlattices, quantum wires, and
quantum dots. It will serve as an invaluable reference and review
for researchers and graduate students in solid-state physics,
materials science, and electrical and electronic engineering.
This volume is concerned with the theoretical description of
patterns and instabilities and their relevance to physics,
chemistry, and biology. More specifically, the theme of the work is
the theory of nonlinear physical systems with emphasis on the
mechanisms leading to the appearance of regular patterns of ordered
behavior and chaotic patterns of stochastic behavior. The aim is to
present basic concepts and current problems from a variety of
points of view. In spite of the emphasis on concepts, some effort
has been made to bring together experimental observations and
theoretical mechanisms to provide a basic understanding of the
aspects of the behavior of nonlinear systems which have a measure
of generality. Chaos theory has become a real challenge to
physicists with very different interests and also in many other
disciplines, of which astronomy, chemistry, medicine, meteorology,
economics, and social theory are already embraced at the time of
writing. The study of chaos-related phenomena has a truly
interdisciplinary charac ter and makes use of important concepts
and methods from other disciplines. As one important example, for
the description of chaotic structures the branch of mathematics
called fractal geometry (associated particularly with the name of
Mandelbrot) has proved invaluable. For the discussion of the
richness of ordered structures which appear, one relies on the
theory of pattern recognition. It is relevant to mention that, to
date, computer studies have greatly aided the analysis of
theoretical models describing chaos."
This book has its origins in the 1982 Spring College held at the
Interna tional Centre for Theoretical Physics, Miramare, Trieste.
The primary aim is to give a broad coverage of liquids and
amorphous solids, at a level suitable for graduate students and
research workers in condensed-matter physics, physical chemistry,
and materials science. The book is intended for experimental
workers with interests in the basic theory. While the topics
covered are many, it was planned to place special emphasis on both
static structure and dynamics, including electronic transport. This
emphasis is evident from the rather complete coverage of the
determination of static structure from both diffraction experiments
and, for amorphous solids especially, from model building. The
theory of the structure of liquids and liquid mixtures is then
dealt with from the standpoint of, first, basic statistical
mechanics and, subsequently, pair potentials constructed from the
electron theory of simple metals and their alloys. The discussion
of static structure is completed in two chapters with rather
different emphases on liquid surfaces and interfaces. The first
deals with the basic statistical mechanics of neutral and charged
interfaces, while the second is concerned with solvation and
double-layer effects. Dynamic structure is introduced by a
comprehensive discussion of single-particle motion in liquids. This
is followed by the structure and dynamics of charged fluids, where
again much basic statistical mechanics is developed."
This book deals with three related areas having both fundamental
and technological interest. In the first part, the objective is to
provide a bird's eye view on structure in polymeric solids. This is
then complemented by a chapter, directly technological in its
emphasis, dealing with the influence of processing on polymeric
materials. In spite of the technological interest, this leads to
some of the current fundamental theory. Part II, concerned with
liquid crystals, starts with a discussion of the physics of the
various types of material, and concludes with a treatment of
optical applications. Again, aspects of the theory are stressed
though this part is basically phenomenological in character. In
Part III, an account is given first of the use of chemical-bonding
arguments in understanding the electronic structure of
low-dimensional solids, followed by a comprehensive treatment of
the influence of dimen sionality on phase transitions. A brief
summary of dielectric screening in low-dimensional solids follows.
Space-charge layers are then treated, including semiconductor
inversion layers. Effects of limited dimensionality on
superconductivity are also emphasized. Part IV concludes the volume
with two specialized topics: electronic structure of biopolymers,
and topological defects and disordered systems. The Editors wish to
acknowledge that this book had its origins in the material
presented at a course organized by the International Centre for
Theoretical Physics, Trieste."
Presenting the latest advances in artificial structures, this
volume discusses in-depth the structure and electron transport
mechanisms of quantum wells, superlattices, quantum wires, and
quantum dots. It will serve as an invaluable reference and review
for researchers and graduate students in solid-state physics,
materials science, and electrical and electronic engineering.
This volume is concerned with the theoretical description of
patterns and instabilities and their relevance to physics,
chemistry, and biology. More specifically, the theme of the work is
the theory of nonlinear physical systems with emphasis on the
mechanisms leading to the appearance of regular patterns of ordered
behavior and chaotic patterns of stochastic behavior. The aim is to
present basic concepts and current problems from a variety of
points of view. In spite of the emphasis on concepts, some effort
has been made to bring together experimental observations and
theoretical mechanisms to provide a basic understanding of the
aspects of the behavior of nonlinear systems which have a measure
of generality. Chaos theory has become a real challenge to
physicists with very different interests and also in many other
disciplines, of which astronomy, chemistry, medicine, meteorology,
economics, and social theory are already embraced at the time of
writing. The study of chaos-related phenomena has a truly
interdisciplinary charac ter and makes use of important concepts
and methods from other disciplines. As one important example, for
the description of chaotic structures the branch of mathematics
called fractal geometry (associated particularly with the name of
Mandelbrot) has proved invaluable. For the discussion of the
richness of ordered structures which appear, one relies on the
theory of pattern recognition. It is relevant to mention that, to
date, computer studies have greatly aided the analysis of
theoretical models describing chaos."
This book is concerned primarily with the fundamental theory
underlying the physical and chemical properties of crystalIine
semiconductors. After basic introductory material on chemical
bonding, electronic band structure, phonons, and electronic
transport, some emphasis is placed on surface and interfacial
properties, as weil as effects of doping with a variety of
impurities. Against this background, the use of such materials in
device physics is examined and aspects of materials preparation are
discussed briefty. The level of presentation is suitable for
postgraduate students and research workers in solid-state physics
and chemistry, materials science, and electrical and electronic
engineering. Finally, it may be of interest to note that this book
originated in a College organized at the International Centre for
Theoretical Physics, Trieste, in Spring 1984. P. N. Butcher N. H.
March M. P. Tosi vii Contents 1. Bonds and Bands in Semiconductors
1 E. Mooser 1. 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. 2. The
Semiconducting Bond . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.
3. Bond Approach Versus Band Model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1. 4. Construction of
the Localized X by Linear Combination of n Atomic Orbitals . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13 1. 5. The General Octet Rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . 23 1. 6. The Aufbau-Principle of the Crystal
Structure of Semiconductors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 1. 7. A Building Principle
for Polyanionic Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 29 I. H. Structural Sorting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 1. 9. Chemical Bonds and
Semiconductivity in Transition-Element Compounds . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 46 1. 10. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 References . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 2. Electronic Band Structure
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 G. Grosso 2. 1. Two
Different Strategies for Band-Structure Calculations . . . . . . .
55 2. 2. The Tight-Binding Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . .
This book has its origins in the 1982 Spring College held at the
Interna tional Centre for Theoretical Physics, Miramare, Trieste.
The primary aim is to give a broad coverage of liquids and
amorphous solids, at a level suitable for graduate students and
research workers in condensed-matter physics, physical chemistry,
and materials science. The book is intended for experimental
workers with interests in the basic theory. While the topics
covered are many, it was planned to place special emphasis on both
static structure and dynamics, including electronic transport. This
emphasis is evident from the rather complete coverage of the
determination of static structure from both diffraction experiments
and, for amorphous solids especially, from model building. The
theory of the structure of liquids and liquid mixtures is then
dealt with from the standpoint of, first, basic statistical
mechanics and, subsequently, pair potentials constructed from the
electron theory of simple metals and their alloys. The discussion
of static structure is completed in two chapters with rather
different emphases on liquid surfaces and interfaces. The first
deals with the basic statistical mechanics of neutral and charged
interfaces, while the second is concerned with solvation and
double-layer effects. Dynamic structure is introduced by a
comprehensive discussion of single-particle motion in liquids. This
is followed by the structure and dynamics of charged fluids, where
again much basic statistical mechanics is developed."
This important book provides an introduction to the liquid state. A
qualitative description of liquid properties is first given,
followed by detailed chapters on thermodynamics, liquid structure
in relation to interaction forces and transport properties such as
diffusion and viscosity. Treatment of complex fluids such as
anisotropic liquid crystals and polymers, and of technically
important topics such as non-Newtonian and turbulent flows, is
included. Surface properties and characteristics of the
liquid-vapour critical point are also discussed. While the book
focuses on classical liquids, the final chapter deals with quantal
fluids.
This important book provides an introduction to the liquid state. A
qualitative description of liquid properties is first given,
followed by detailed chapters on thermodynamics, liquid structure
in relation to interaction forces and transport properties such as
diffusion and viscosity. Treatment of complex fluids such as
anisotropic liquid crystals and polymers, and of technically
important topics such as non-Newtonian and turbulent flows, is
included. Surface properties and characteristics of the
liquid-vapour critical point are also discussed. While the book
focuses on classical liquids, the final chapter deals with quantal
fluids.
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