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This paper examines the mechanism through which banking sector
distress affects the availability of credit. We use the experience
of the United States during the Great Depression, a period of
intense bank distress, to conduct our analysis. We utilize
previously neglected data from a 1934 survey conducted by the
Federal Reserve System of both banks and Chambers of Commerce
regarding the availability of credit, and examine which aspects of
the banking system collapse affected credit availability as
indicated by the survey. A number of scholars have posited
different ways that bank distress constrained credit availability
and impacted economic activity during the 1930s; however, the
empirical evidence regarding these channels is modest. In this
study, we find that bank failures had the most dominant impact, but
there is also some evidence for the importance of funding
constraints from deposit outflows and of protracted deposit
liquidation.
The Taliban and Al Qaeda operating from their safe haven in
Pakistan have wreaked havoc on NATO forces in Afghanistan. The
Afghanistan conflict, once thought of as a major success story, is
quickly slipping through the cracks in the shadows of the war in
Iraq. These terrorists groups have capitalized on the political
instability, refugee population, and anti-western ideology of the
tribal region along the border. Their various headquarters in
Pakistan are capable of command and control of terrorist attacks in
Afghanistan as well as internationally. Additionally, the porous
borders make it easy for terrorists to cross the border, but NATO
forces are forced to respect the sovereign border of Pakistan.
These factors challenge NATO forces on a daily basis, and stability
in this region is dependent on rendering this safe haven
insignificant to terrorists' ability to wage war. NATO must use
diplomatic, informational, and economic instruments of power to
influence the government and people of Pakistan to rise up against
the terrorists' safe havens in their country. Security of the
border is also paramount to stop the flow of militants across the
border. Continued efforts should be made to improve the security of
this border even though the terrain and resources are limited.
Until this safe haven is taken away from terrorist groups, victory
will be exceedingly difficult in Afghanistan.
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