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In a world where there is a growing awareness of the possible
effects of human activities on climate change, there is a need to
identify the emission of greenhouse gases (GHG) from wastewater
treatment plants (WWTPs). As a result of this growing awareness,
governments started to implement regulations that require water
authorities to report their GHG emissions. With these developments
there exists a strong need for adequate insight into the emissions
of N2O and CH4. With this insight water authorities would be able
to estimate and finally reduce their emissions. The overall
objectives of the different research programs performed by partners
of the GWRC members WERF (United States of America), WSAA
(Australia), CIRSEE-Suez (France) and STOWA (the Netherlands) were:
To define the origin of N2O emission. To understand the formation
processes of N2O. To identify the level of CH4 emissions from
wastewater collection and treatment systems. To evaluate the use of
generic emission factors to estimate the emission of N2O from
individual plants
Because of the uneven distribution of fresh water in time and space
and the increasing human population, a large number of regions are
experiencing water scarcity and stress. Membrane-based desalination
technologies like reverse osmosis have the potential to solve the
fresh water crisis in coastal areas. However, in many cases
membrane performance is restricted by biofouling. Biofouling of
Membrane Systems gives a comprehensive overview on the state of the
art strategies to control biofouling in spiral wound reverse
osmosis membrane systems and point to possible future research
directions. Despite the fact that much research and development has
been done to overcome biofouling in spiral wound membrane systems
used for water treatment, biofouling is still a major practical
problem causing performance decline and increased energy demand.
Biofouling of Membrane Systems is divided into three sections
including modelling and numerical analysis, non-destructive
characterization and feed spacer geometry optimization. It focuses
on the development of biomass in the feed channel of the membrane
module and its effect on pressure drop and hydrodynamics. This book
can be used to develop an integral strategy to control biofouling
in spiral wound membrane systems. An overview of several potential
complementary approaches to solve biofouling is given and an
integrated approach for biofouling control and feed spacer design
is proposed.
Wastewater and drinking water treatment are essential elements of
urban infrastructure. In the course of the last century there has
been enormous technical development, so successful that for the
general public in industrialized countries this infrastructure is
hardly noticed. Nevertheless there is ongoing activity to further
improve the existing processes. The IWA Leading Edge Technology
conference held in Prague helped to stimulate this development and
this book helps disseminate the results. A selection of
presentations from the conference are included in this volume.
Wastewater and drinking-water treatment are normally considered as
two separate fields due to the very different boundary conditions
that apply. Nevertheless several issues such as membrane processes,
removal of micropollutants and water reuse are of crucial
importance to both. This potential for cross-fertilization further
enhances the value of this collection of high-quality articles that
delineate the leading edge of research and development in water and
wastewater treatment.
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