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Large lakes are important because of their size and ecological
distinctiveness as well as their economic and cultural value.
Optimal management of them requires a proper understanding of
anthropogenic impacts both on the lake ecosystems as such and on
the services they provide for society. The specific structural and
functional properties of large lakes, e.g. morphology, hydrography,
biogeochemical cycles and food-web structure, are all directly
related to their size. Although large lakes are among the
best-studied ecosystems in the world, the application to them of
environmental regulations such as the European Water Framework
Directive is a challenging task and requires that several natural
and management aspects specific to these water bodies are
adequately considered. These vulnerable ecosystems often suffer
from accelerated eutrophication, over-fishing, toxic contamination
and invasive species. Large lakes offer socio-economic benefits and
can be used in many ways, and are often areas in which economic,
cultural and political interests overlap. In this book the problems
regarding the present status of European large lakes and the
directions of change are discussed. Threats caused by direct human
impact and by climate change, protection needs and restoration
measures are considered.
Large lakes are important because of their size and ecological
distinctiveness as well as their economic and cultural value.
Optimal management of them requires a proper understanding of
anthropogenic impacts both on the lake ecosystems as such and on
the services they provide for society. The specific structural and
functional properties of large lakes, e.g. morphology, hydrography,
biogeochemical cycles and food-web structure, are all directly
related to their size. Although large lakes are among the
best-studied ecosystems in the world, the application to them of
environmental regulations such as the European Water Framework
Directive is a challenging task and requires that several natural
and management aspects specific to these water bodies are
adequately considered. These vulnerable ecosystems often suffer
from accelerated eutrophication, over-fishing, toxic contamination
and invasive species. Large lakes offer socio-economic benefits and
can be used in many ways, and are often areas in which economic,
cultural and political interests overlap. In this book the problems
regarding the present status of European large lakes and the
directions of change are discussed. Threats caused by direct human
impact and by climate change, protection needs and restoration
measures are considered.
Lake Ladoga is the largest lake in Europe and, with its surface of
17,891 km2 and volume of 837 km3, it ranks among the top fifteen of
the world's freshwater bodies. The ecological condition of Lake
Ladoga is of concern to several million people living in its
surroundings. There is evidence of water quality degradation and
gradual eutrophication of the lake during the past decades; on the
other hand, pollution control measures have improved the situation
in many of the most polluted sites near industrial effluent
sources. The first international Lake Ladoga Symposium was held in
St. Petersburg on 22-26 November, 1993. The symposium was attended
by 160 scientists, and about half of the papers presented at the
symposium have been edited for this book. The contributions are
grouped under the following headings: Present state of Lake Ladoga;
Hydrodynamics of Lake Ladoga and other large water bodies; Water
quality and pollution; Ecological studies of Lake Ladoga biota;
History of Lake Ladoga and rates of change in its environment;
Research methods for large lakes. Besides providing up-to-date
information on the state of the lake, the papers deal with studies
of many other large lakes of the cold-temperature zone and the
general problems and methods of large lake research. Furthermore,
the book is a valuable source of reference to the voluminous
Russian limnological literature.
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