The increase in prevalence and visibility of sexually gender diverse (SGD) populations illuminates the need for greater understanding of the ways in which current laws, systems, and programs affect their well-being. Individuals who identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, asexual, transgender, non-binary, queer, or intersex, as well as those who express same-sex or -gender attractions or behaviors, will have experiences across their life course that differ from those of cisgender and heterosexual individuals. Characteristics such as age, race and ethnicity, and geographic location intersect to play a distinct role in the challenges and opportunities SGD people face. Understanding the Well-Being of LGBTQI+ Populations reviews the available evidence and identifies future research needs related to the well-being of SDG populations across the life course. This report focuses on eight domains of well-being; the effects of various laws and the legal system on SGD populations; the effects of various public policies and structural stigma; community and civic engagement; families and social relationships; education, including school climate and level of attainment; economic experiences (e.g., employment, compensation, and housing); physical and mental health; and health care access and gender-affirming interventions. The recommendations of Understanding the Well-Being of LGBTQI+ Populations aim to identify opportunities to advance understanding of how individuals experience sexuality and gender and how sexual orientation, gender identity, and intersex status affect SGD people over the life course. Table of Contents Front Matter Summary PART I: BACKGROUND AND CONTEXT Prologue 1 Introduction 2 Health and Well-Being in Diverse Populations: Frameworks and Concepts PART II: UNDERSTANDING SEXUAL AND GENDER DIVERSE POPULATIONS 3 Demography and Public Attitudes of Sexual and Gender Diverse Populations 4 Current State of Data Collection PART III; DOMAINS OF WELL-BEING 5 Law and Legal Systems 6 Public Policy and Structural Stigma 7 Community and Civic Engagement 8 Families and Social Relationships 9 Educational Environments 10 Economic Well-Being 11 Physical and Mental Health 12 Coverage, Access, and Utilization of Evidence-Based Health Care PART IV: RESEARCH NEEDS 13 Recommendations Appendix A: Summary of Prior Related National Academies Reports and Activities Appendix B: Agenda: Public Seminar on Amplifying Visibility and Increasing Capacity for Sexual and Gender Diverse Populations Appendix C: Biographical Sketches of Committee Members and Staff

For children and youth, summertime presents a unique break from the traditional structure, resources, and support systems that exist during the school year. For some students, this time involves opportunities to engage in fun and enriching activities and programs, while others face additional challenges as they lose a variety of supports, including healthy meals, medical care, supervision, and structured programs that enhance development. Children that are limited by their social, economic, or physical environments during the summer months are at higher risk for worse academic, health, social and emotional, and safety outcomes. In contrast, structured summertime activities and programs support basic developmental needs and positive outcomes for children and youth who can access and afford these programs. These discrepancies in summertime experiences exacerbate pre-existing academic inequities. While further research is needed regarding the impact of summertime on developmental domains outside of the academic setting, extensive literature exists regarding the impact of summertime on academic development trajectories. However, this knowledge is not sufficiently applied to policy and practice, and it is important to address these inequalities. Shaping Summertime Experiences examines the impact of summertime experiences on the developmental trajectories of school-age children and youth across four areas of well-being, including academic learning, social and emotional development, physical and mental health, and health-promoting and safety behaviors. It also reviews the state of science and available literature regarding the impact of summertime experiences. In addition, this report provides recommendations to improve the experiences of children over the summertime regarding planning, access and equity, and opportunities for further research and data collection. Table of Contents Front Matter Summary 1 Introduction 2 Summertime Experiences 3 The Effects of Summertime Experiences on Children's Development 4 How Do Summer Programs Influence Outcomes for Children and Youth? 5 The Effects of Children's Circumstances on Summertime Experiences 6 Future Directions for Policy, Practice, and Research Epilogue Appendix A: Terminology Appendix B: Characteristics of American Camp Association Accredited Day and Overnight Camps in 2016 Appendix C: Public Session Agenda Appendix D: Authors of Memos Submitted to the Committee Appendix E: Biosketches of Committee Members and Project Staff Board on Children, Youth, and Families