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During the last 35 years, there has been considerable develop ment
and increase in the number of devices that emit nonionizing radiant
energies. These energies such as radiofrequency including
microwaves are used in all sectors of our society for military,
industrial. telecommunications, medical, and consumer applications.
This increase in sources of nonionizing radiant energies has
resulted in growing interest on the part of government regulatory
agencies, industrial and military physicians, research workers,
clinicians, and environmentalists. Although there is information on
biologic effects and potential hazards to man from exposure to
microwave/radiofrequency energies, considerable confusion and
misinformation has permeated not only the public press but also
some scientific and technical publications. Because of the
complexity of the interactions of nonionizing radiation in
biological systems, an inter-disciplinary approach is necessary to
assess and elucidate the problems that evolve as this field
advances and as the use of these energies expands. It is important
to maintain a proper perspective and assess realistically the
biomedical effects of these radiant energies so that the worker or
general public will not be unduly exposed nor will research,
development and beneficial utilization of these energies be
hampered or restricted by an undue concern for effects which may be
nonexis tent or minimal in comparison to other environmental
hazards."
The editors are pleased to present these Proceedings of the V
Course of the "International School of Radiation Damage and Pro-
tection" of the "E. Majorana Centre", held in Erice (Italy) in No-
vember 1983. The lectures and discussions among leading scientists
in various disciplines of physics, engineering, biophysics,
cellular biology, physiology and medicine from 11 countries are
included in this compilation. In this volume we have attempted to
explore all aspects of the interaction of static and Extremely Low
Frequency (ELF: 0-300 Hz) electric and magnetic fields with
biological tissue, systems and whole organisms; we considered
dosimetry and what is known or pre- sumed concerning basic
interactions, responses from the cellular and molecular level to
the whole organism. Discussions of medical appli- cations as well
as epidemiologic investigations related to high volt- age
transmission were held with critiques of methodologies used and
recommendations for future approaches. Consideration was also given
to the necessity and principles of setting protection standards for
man and the environment. We believe this is the first attempt to
put all this informa- tion together into one volume to provide
perspective for understand- ing the influence of static and ELF
electric and magnetic fields on biological systems. We hope our
attempts were successful. Martino Grandolfo Sol M. Michaelson
Alessandro Rindi v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This is the Fifth Course of the
International School of Radia- tion Damage and Protection of the
"Ettore Majorana" Centre for Sci- entific Culture directed by
Professor A. Zichichi.
This volume contains the lectures presented at the International
School of Radiation Damage and Protection at the "Ettore Majorana"
Centre for Sci entific Culture in Erice, Italy, September 6-15,
1985. The sixth course of the School, entitled "Advances in
Applications, Biological Effects, and Dosimetry of Ultrasound,"
provided an in-depth review of all facets of ultra sound
interactions and their biological effects on living systems,
allowing an assessment of the hazard potential of the various
applications of ultra sound. Particular reference was made to
possible health risks associated with medical ultrasound exposure
since this use is by far the most prevalent. Since the initial
application of ultrasound to submarine detection, medical
diagnostic and therapeutic applications have become predominant
over the past 20 years. The question of safety of this physical
agent is an extremely important one. In many industrialized
countries most pregnant women receive at least one diagnostic
ultrasound examination before the birth of the child. Thus,
potential hazards to the fetus are of prime concern. This problem
has been aggravated by the fact that the medical diagnostic
applications of ultrasound have far outpaced research efforts on
biological effects. A further compounding factor of concern to
clinicians and scientists has been the use of higher and higher
intensities by the manufacturers of ultrasound equipment,
particularly higher peak pulse intensities."
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