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Established by an Act of Congress in 1879 and charged with
responsibility for "classification of the public lands, and
examination of the geological structure, mineral resources, and
products of the national domain," the U. S. Department of the
Interior's Geological Survey has been the Nation's principal source
of information about its physical resources the configuration and
character of the land surface, the composition and structure of the
underlying rocks, and the quality, extent, and distribution of
water and mineral resources. Although primarily a research and
fact-finding agency, it has responsibility also for the
classification of Federal mineral lands and waterpower sites, and
since 1926 it has been responsible for the supervision of oil and
mining operations authorized under leases on Federal land. From the
outset, the Survey has been concerned with critical land and
resource problems. Often referred to as the Mother of Bureaus, many
of its activities led to the formation of new organizations where a
management or developmental function evolved. These included the
Reclamation Service (1902), the Bureau of Mines (1910), the Federal
Power Commission (1920), and the Grazing Service (1934, since
combined with other functions as the Bureau of Land Management).
Mrs. Rabbitt's summary of the Survey's history in the following
pages brings out well the development of these diverse activities
and the Survey's past contributions to national needs related to
land and resources.
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