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This collection of eighty-nine letters written by Parisian and
other European map publishers to the London map firm of Jefferys
& Faden represents one of the few business archives left to us
from the eighteenth-century map trade. Thomas Jefferys
(c.1720-1771) and William Faden (1749-1836) both enjoyed the title
of 'Geographer to the King of England' and were well respected by
other geographers of the period. Like many of his contemporaries in
the map trade, Jefferys had difficulty making a financial success
of his map business; his successor Faden, by contrast, was able to
expand the firm into a flourishing business which continued well
into the nineteenth century. Their correspondents included
important European map and print publishers such as Covens &
Mortier in Amsterdam and Lattre, Julien and Desnos in Paris, as
well as the French geographers d'Anville and Robert de Vaugondy.
Other persons mentioned in the correspondence provide links between
Faden's London firm and the Depot de la Marine, the French Navy's
cartographic department, an important connection in the tumultuous
decade of 1773-1783 when England found itself at war with France in
North America, in the English Channel, and in India. The letters
also provide a detailed view of the costs of doing business -
prices, discount, payment, schedules and methods, shipping costs
and arrangements- in the last quarter of the eighteenth century and
further increase our knowledge of the economics of map production
and sales in this period. The letters are now in the Manuscript
Division of the William L. Clements Library at the University of
Michigan. In this edition they have been transcribed and fully
annotated and are preceded by an introduction placing the
correspondence in the context of the print and book trade and the
role of cartography in eighteenth-century politics.
Since its launch in 1987, the History of Cartography series has
garnered critical acclaim and sparked a new generation of
interdisciplinary scholarship. Cartography in the European
Enlightenment, the highly anticipated fourth volume, offers a
comprehensive overview of the cartographic practices of Europeans,
Russians, and the Ottomans, both at home and in overseas
territories, from 1650 to 1800. The social and intellectual changes
that swept Enlightenment Europe also transformed many of its
mapmaking practices. A new emphasis on geometric principles gave
rise to improved tools for measuring and mapping the world, even as
large-scale cartographic projects became possible under the aegis
of powerful states. Yet older mapping practices persisted:
Enlightenment cartography encompassed a wide variety of processes
for making, circulating, and using maps of different types. The
volume's more than four hundred encyclopedic articles explore the
era's mapping, covering topics both detailed--such as geodetic
surveying, thematic mapping, and map collecting--and broad, such as
women and cartography, cartography and the economy, and the art and
design of maps. Copious bibliographical references and nearly one
thousand full-color illustrations complement the detailed entries.
Though the political and intellectual history of mapmaking in the
eighteenth century is well established, the details of its
commercial revolution have until now been widely scattered. In "The
Commerce of Cartography," Mary Pedley presents a vivid picture of
the costs and profits of the mapmaking industry in England and
France, and reveals how the economics of map trade affected the
content and appearance of the maps themselves.
Conceptualizing the relationship between economics and cartography,
Pedley traces the process of mapmaking from compilation,
production, and marketing to consumption, reception, and criticism.
In detailing the rise of commercial cartography, Pedley explores
qualitative issues of mapmaking as well. Why, for instance, did
eighteenth-century ideals of aesthetics override the modern values
of accuracy and detail? And what, to an eighteenth-century mind and
eye, qualified as a good map?
A thorough and engaging study of the business of cartography during
the Enlightenment, "The Commerce of Cartography" charts a new
cartographic landscape and will prove invaluable to scholars of
economic history, historical geography, and the history of
publishing.
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