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International Relations in Psychiatry: Britain, Germany, and the
United States to World War II addresses a crucial period in the
history of psychiatry by examining the transfer of conceptual,
institutional, and financial resources and the migration of
psychiatrists between Britain, the United States, and Germany. The
decades around 1900 were crucial in the evolution of modern medical
and social sciences, and in the formation of various national
health services systems. The modern fields of psychiatry and mental
health care are located at the intersection of these spheres. There
emerged concepts, practices, and institutions that marked responses
to challenges posed by urbanization, industrialization, and the
formation of the nation-state. These psychiatric responseswere
locally distinctive, and yet at the same time established
influential models with an international impact. In spite of rising
nationalism in Europe, the intellectual, institutional and material
resources that emerged in thevarious local and national contexts
were rapidly observed to have had an impact beyond any national
boundaries. In numerous ways, innovations were adopted and
refashioned for the needs and purposes of new national and local
systems. International Relations in Psychiatry: Britain, Germany,
and the United States to World War II brings together hitherto
separate approaches from the social, political, and cultural
history of medicine and health care and argues that modern
psychiatry developed in a constant, though not always continuous,
transfer of ideas, perceptions, and experts across national
borders. Contributors: John C. Burnham, Eric J. Engstrom, Rhodri
Hayward, Mark Jackson, Pamela Michael, Hans Pols, Volker Roelcke,
Heinz-Peter Schmiedebach, Mathew Thomson, Paul J. Weindling, Louise
Westwood Volker Roelcke is Professor and Director at the Institute
for the History of Medicine, Giessen University, Germany. Paul J.
Weindling is Professor in the History of Medicine, Oxford Brookes
University, UK. Louise Westwood is Honorary Research Reader,
University of Sussex, UK.
This is a history of how twentieth-century Britons came to view
themselves and their world in psychological terms, and how this
changed over time. It examines the extent to which psychological
thought and practice could mediate, not just understanding of the
self, but also a wide range of social and economic, political, and
ethical issues that rested on assumptions about human nature. In
doing so, it brings together high and low psychological cultures;
it focuses not just on health, but also on education, economic
life, and politics; and it reaches from the start of the century
right up to the 1970s. Mathew Thomson highlights the intense
excitement surrounding psychology at the start of the century, and
its often highly unorthodox expression in thought and practice. He
argues that the appeal of psychological thinking has been
underestimated in the British context, partly because its character
has been misconstrued. Psychology found a role because, rather than
shattering values, it offered them new life. The book considers the
extent to which such an ethical and social psychological
subjectivity survived the challenges of an industrial civilization,
a crisis in confidence regarding human nature wrought by war and
political extremism, and finally the emergence of a permissive
society. It concludes that many of our own assumptions about the
route to psychological modernity - centred on the rise of
individualism and interiority, and focusing on the liberation of
emotion, and on talk, relationships, and sex - need substantial
revision, or at least setting alongside a rather different path
when it comes to the Britain of 1900-70.
This is the first detailed assessment of the development and
implementation of social policy to deal with the problem of the
`mentally deficient' in Britain between 1870 and 1959. Mathew
Thomson analyses all the factors involved in the policy-making
process, beginning with the politics of the legislature and showing
how the demands of central government were interpreted by local
authorities, resulting in a wide and varied distribution of
medical, institutional, and community care in different parts of
the country. The efforts of health professionals, voluntary
organizations and the families themselves are considered, alongside
questions about the influence of changing concepts of class,
gender, and citizenship. The author queries the belief that the
policy of segregation was largely unsuccessful, and reveals a
hitherto unrecognized system of care in the community. He reframes
our understanding of the campaign for sterilization and examines
why British policy-makers avoided extremist measures such as the
compulsory sterilization introduced in Germany and parts of the US
during this period. Thomson shows that the problem of mental
deficiency cannot be understood simply in terms of eugenics but
must also be considered as part of the process of adjusting to
democracy in the twentieth century.
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