This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Human Choice and Computers (HCC8), IFIP TC9, held in Pretoria, South Africa on September 25-26, 2008.

The IFIP series publishes state-of-the-art results in the sciences and technologies of information and communication. The scope of the series includes: foundations of computer science; software theory and practice; education; computer applications in technology; communication systems; systems modeling and optimization; information systems; computers and society; computer systems technology; security and protection in information processing systems; artificial intelligence; and human-computer interaction. Proceedings and post-proceedings of refereed international conferences in computer science and interdisciplinary fields are featured. These results often precede journal publication and represent the most current research. The principal aim of the IFIP series is to encourage education and the dissemination and exchange of information about all aspects of computing.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Human Choice and Computers (HCC8), IFIP TC9, held in Pretoria, South Africa on September 25-26, 2008.

The IFIP series publishes state-of-the-art results in the sciences and technologies of information and communication. The scope of the series includes: foundations of computer science; software theory and practice; education; computer applications in technology; communication systems; systems modeling and optimization; information systems; computers and society; computer systems technology; security and protection in information processing systems; artificial intelligence; and human-computer interaction. Proceedings and post-proceedings of refereed international conferences in computer science and interdisciplinary fields are featured. These results often precede journal publication and represent the most current research. The principal aim of the IFIP series is to encourage education and the dissemination and exchange of information about all aspects of computing.

This study is an historical analysis of lessons learned concerning tank mobility, firepower, protection, command and control, and overall design during the major tank warfighting experience of the 20th Century. The aim of this study was to make a determination concerning the existence or non-existence of a common thread of lessons learned during individual and small unit (company size or smaller) tank fighting. The major tank warfare experiences examined were World War I, World War II, and the Arab-Israeli 1967 and 1973 Wars. The lessons learned were gleaned from sources written by soldiers, engineers, and historians who had either participated in or studied the particular tank warfare experience. Lessons are grouped into five areas; mobility, firepower, protection, command and control, and overall design. This study concludes that a common thread of lessons learned concerning individual and small unit (company size or smaller) tank fighting. The major tank warfare experiences examined were World War I, World War II, and the Arab-Israeli 1967 and 1973 Wars. The lessons learned were gleaned from sources written by soldiers, engineers, and historians who had either participated in or studied the particular tank warfare experience. Lessons are grouped into five areas; mobility, firepower, protection, command and control, and overall design. This study concludes that a common thread of lessons learned concerning individual and small unit tank fighting does exist throughout the major warfighting experiences of the 20th century.

Drawing on ten years of empirical work and research, analyses of how open development has played out in practice.A decade ago, a significant trend toward openness emerged in international development. "Open development" can describe initiatives as disparate as open government, open health data, open science, open education, and open innovation. The theory was that open systems related to data, science, and innovation would enable more inclusive processes of human development. This volume, drawing on ten years of empirical work and research, analyzes how open development has played out in practice Focusing on development practices in the Global South, the contributors explore the crucial questions of who is allowed to participate when an initiative is "open" and who benefits--or not--from them, finding that processes characterized as open can sometimes be exclusionary in their implementation. Examining a wide range of cases, they consider the governance of open development ecosystems and the implementation of a variety of applications, including open educational resources, collaborative science, and the uses of crowdsourcing. Contributors Denisse Albornoz, Chris Armstrong, Savita Bailur, Roxana Barrantes, Carla Bonina, Michael Canares, Leslie Chan, Laura Czerniewicz, Jeremy de Beer, Stefano De Sabbata, Shirin Elahi, Alison Gillwald, Mark Graham, Rebecca Hillyer, Cheryl Hodgkinson-Williams, Dick Kawooya, Erika Kramer-Mbula, Paulo Matos, Caroline Ncube, Chidi Oguamanam, Angela Okune, Alejandro Posada, Nagla Rizk, Isaac Rutenberg, Tobias Schonwetter, Fabrizio Scrollini, Ruhiya Kristine Seward, Raed Sharif, Matthew Smith, William Randall Spence, Henry Trotter, Francois van Schalkwyk, Sonal Zavaeri

Theoretical and empirical analyses of whether open innovations in international development instrumentally advantages poor and marginalized populations. Over the last ten years, open innovations--the sharing of information without access restrictions or cost--have emerged within international development. But do these practices instrumentally advantage poor and marginalized populations? This book examines whether, for whom, and under what circumstances the free, networked, public sharing of information and communication resources contributes (or not) towards a process of positive social transformation. The contributors offer both theoretical and empirical analyses that cover a broad range of applications, emphasizing the underlying aspects of open innovations that are shared across contexts and domains.