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While deforestation continues at an alarming rate around the world,
discussions on the range of underlying causes continue. The premise
is that studying successful transitions from deforestation to
sustainable forestry ex post in Finland can provide novel insights
into how deforestation in the tropics might be reduced in the
future. Our fundamental question here is why Finland succeeded to
stop deforestation for a century ago and why not the same is
feasible in the contemporary tropical countries? This book presents
a novel integrated theory within which this case study on Finland
and contemporary modeling of underlying causes of tropical
deforestation are developed. Finland remains the world's second
largest net exporter of forest products, while maintaining the
highest forest cover in Europe. A transition from deforestation to
sustainable industrial forestry took place in Finland during the
first part of the 20th century. The underlying causes of this
transition are compared via our theory with deforestation in 74
contemporary tropical countries. Both appear similar and support
our theory. The interaction of public policies and market
institutions has appeared to be critical during this transition.
The study's findings suggest that private forest ownership with a
continuous increase in the real value of forests and alleviation of
poverty under non-corruptive conditions has been a necessary, but
not a sufficient, condition for this transition. In a parallel way
public policies have also proved to be a necessary, but not
sufficient, condition in this transition. The conclusion is that
socialistic forestry along with corruption is artificially
maintaining too low values in the tropical forests. The opportunity
cost of sustainable forestry remains too high and deforestation by
extensification of agriculture therefore continues. The prevailing
socialistic forestry with dominating public forest ownership is by
purpose maintaining administratively set low stumpage prices
leading to low value of forests, wide corruption and continuous
forest degradation and deforestation. An effective remedy - to
raise the value of forests - is found to be within forestry.
While deforestation continues at an alarming rate around the world,
discussions on the range of underlying causes continue. The premise
is that studying successful transitions from deforestation to
sustainable forestry ex post in Finland can provide novel insights
into how deforestation in the tropics might be reduced in the
future. Our fundamental question here is why Finland succeeded to
stop deforestation for a century ago and why not the same is
feasible in the contemporary tropical countries? This book presents
a novel integrated theory within which this case study on Finland
and contemporary modeling of underlying causes of tropical
deforestation are developed. Finland remains the world's second
largest net exporter of forest products, while maintaining the
highest forest cover in Europe. A transition from deforestation to
sustainable industrial forestry took place in Finland during the
first part of the 20th century. The underlying causes of this
transition are compared via our theory with deforestation in 74
contemporary tropical countries. Both appear similar and support
our theory. The interaction of public policies and market
institutions has appeared to be critical during this transition.
The study's findings suggest that private forest ownership with a
continuous increase in the real value of forests and alleviation of
poverty under non-corruptive conditions has been a necessary, but
not a sufficient, condition for this transition. In a parallel way
public policies have also proved to be a necessary, but not
sufficient, condition in this transition. The conclusion is that
socialistic forestry along with corruption is artificially
maintaining too low values in the tropical forests. The opportunity
cost of sustainable forestry remains too high and deforestation by
extensification of agriculture therefore continues. The prevailing
socialistic forestry with dominating public forest ownership is by
purpose maintaining administratively set low stumpage prices
leading to low value of forests, wide corruption and continuous
forest degradation and deforestation. An effective remedy - to
raise the value of forests - is found to be within forestry.
This book is an outcome of a research project on "Sustainable
Forestry and the Environment in Developing Countries". The project
has been run by Metsantutki muslaitos METLA -the Finnish Forest
Research Institute since 1987 and will be completed this year. A
major output by this project has so far been a report in three
volumes on "Deforestation or development in the Third World?" The
purpose of our multidisciplinary research project is to generate
new knowl edge about the causes of deforestation, its scenarios and
consequences. More knowledge is needed for more effective,
efficient and equitable public policy, both at the national and
intemationallevels in supporting sustainable forestry in develop
ing countries. Our project has specifically focused on 90 tropical
countries as one group and on three subgroups by continents, as
well as the three case study countries, the Philippines, Ethiopia
and Chile. The University of Joensuu has been our active partner in
the Philippine study. We have complemented the three cases by the
analyzes of Brazil and Indonesia, the two largest tropical
forest-owning countries. Some other interesting country studies
were annexed to complement our book both by geography and
expertise. The United Nations University, World Institute for
Development Economics Research, UNUIWIDER in Helsinki Finland has
also been partly engaged. Most of the results from its project on
"The Forest in the South and North in Context of Global Warming"
will, however, be published later in a separate book.
This book offers information and insights into the potential of
market and policy instruments in improving the state of the world's
forests. It advocates the use of the concept of optimal mix of
markets and policies as an approach to view the appropriate and
operational roles of market and government in dealing with forestry
issues. It does not offer a list of policy recommendations to be
used as a general tool to combat the threats facing the world's
forests. Obviously, the optimal mix of markets and policies must
depend on the varying national and local conditions and, more
specifically, on the level of development. The contents of this
volume are organized in five Parts. Part I, Editorial Perspectives,
briefly reviews the outline of the book and analyses the balanced
use of markets and policies to support world forests towards
sustainable forest management. Part II reviews changes and trends
in society and environment outside the forest sector. After all,
the evolution of forestry and forest industries is more dependent
on these external changes than on changes internal to the sector.
Two important aspects that may strongly affect the future of the
forest sector are covered: the potential of wood biomass in
replacing oil and the global freshwater outlook. Part III focuses
on the importance of forests and is primarily aimed at those
outside the forest sector. Current innovations in information
technology and the fast removal of government regulations have
enabled forest industry corporations to invest on a larger scale in
optimal locations worldwide. The rapid expansion of forest
plantations in the South is a response not only to globalization
but also to the expanding conservationpressures in the North. Part
IV is the global forum that introduces a few topical forest sector
issues affecting the world as a whole. However, these tend to be
very complex and can rarely be adequately covered from a single
perspective. Therefore, discussants were invited to bring up
additional points of view. Forests have great potential in the
control of climate change. This is analyzed through both the
increased use of wood for energy and the possible forestry
investments by Northern nations in the South to cope with the
requirements of the Kyoto Protocol. The interlinkages of forests
and water are also highlighted. Part V is entitled Regional Forum.
Its purpose is to analyze globally relevant continental issues.
Interregional studies are followed by articles focusing on Latin
America, Africa, Asia and the Pacific, North America, Europe, and
the Russian Federation. The role of the G8 economic powers in the
development of the world's forests is studied from the days of
imperialism to the current Action Programme on Forests, and the
implementation of the programme is followed up. A number of
comparative analyses of countries are presented. The impacts of
globalization on the forest sector in the Russian Far East and
reforms in support of sustainable forest management in Russia are
the two final themes of the book.
This book offers information and insights into the potential of
market and policy instruments in improving the state of the world's
forests. It advocates the use of the concept of optimal mix of
markets and policies as an approach to view the appropriate and
operational roles of market and government in dealing with forestry
issues. It does not offer a list of policy recommendations to be
used as a general tool to combat the threats facing the world's
forests. Obviously, the optimal mix of markets and policies must
depend on the varying national and local conditions and, more
specifically, on the level of development. The contents of this
volume are organized in five Parts. Part I, Editorial Perspectives,
briefly reviews the outline of the book and analyses the balanced
use of markets and policies to support world forests towards
sustainable forest management. Part II reviews changes and trends
in society and environment outside the forest sector. After all,
the evolution of forestry and forest industries is more dependent
on these external changes than on changes internal to the sector.
Two important aspects that may strongly affect the future of the
forest sector are covered: the potential of wood biomass in
replacing oil and the global freshwater outlook. Part III focuses
on the importance of forests and is primarily aimed at those
outside the forest sector. Current innovations in information
technology and the fast removal of government regulations have
enabled forest industry corporations to invest on a larger scale in
optimal locations worldwide. The rapid expansion of forest
plantations in the South is a response not only to globalization
but also to the expanding conservationpressures in the North. Part
IV is the global forum that introduces a few topical forest sector
issues affecting the world as a whole. However, these tend to be
very complex and can rarely be adequately covered from a single
perspective. Therefore, discussants were invited to bring up
additional points of view. Forests have great potential in the
control of climate change. This is analyzed through both the
increased use of wood for energy and the possible forestry
investments by Northern nations in the South to cope with the
requirements of the Kyoto Protocol. The interlinkages of forests
and water are also highlighted. Part V is entitled Regional Forum.
Its purpose is to analyze globally relevant continental issues.
Interregional studies are followed by articles focusing on Latin
America, Africa, Asia and the Pacific, North America, Europe, and
the Russian Federation. The role of the G8 economic powers in the
development of the world's forests is studied from the days of
imperialism to the current Action Programme on Forests, and the
implementation of the programme is followed up. A number of
comparative analyses of countries are presented. The impacts of
globalization on the forest sector in the Russian Far East and
reforms in support of sustainable forest management in Russia are
the two final themes of the book.
This book addresses global and subnational issues concerning the
world's forests, societies, and environment from an independent and
non-governmental point of view. Cooperation on a global scale is
not only commendable, it is essential if solutions to the problems
facing the world's forests are to be found. To achieve this, modern
science needs to draw a clearer picture of relationships between
forests, human activity, and the environment, and of the
consequences of environmental change for the societies' development
and growth. There are several - partly intermingled - evolutionary
forest transitions underway: the slow transition from forest area
decrease to an increase in the North while deforestation and
degradation continues in the South. Although not all deforestation
is considered negative, serious social, economic, and environmental
costs may be associated with excessive deforestation. Deforestation
control is just the first step on the stony path towards
sustainable forest management. The forest management transition
refers to the shift in the utilization towards managed
semi-natural, secondary forests and plantation forests. There are
some signs in the North of the forest paradigm shift from
sustainable yield to forest ecosystem concepts. How deforestation
can be tackled and how these concurrent transitions are effected
will have profound implications for the future. These processes
involve several challenges with South-North dimensions. A search
for an optimum mix of public policies and markets is a global
priority both as a forest policy issue and as an inter-sectoral
item on the political agenda. Deforestation and transition is
discussed here by a team of 14 scientists fromboth the North and
the South. This book offers knowledge, facts, and information about
world forests, society, and environment to help us towards equity
in our use of the global forest &endash; to create a clearer
vision of unasylva.
This book reports one part of the findings tive, due to vested
national and internation- of the research project The Forests in
the al interests. South and North - Transition from Defor- This
book presents a set of new research estation to Sustainable Forest
Policies in findings emerging from our comprehensive Redressing
Global Warming. The project research project. The book can be
regard- was coordinated and partly funded by the ed as a follow-up
to and elaboration of our World Institute for Development Econom-
previous research published in 1996 by Kluwer Academic Publishers,
Sustainable ics Research of the United Nations University
(UNUIWIDER). The Finnish Forestry ChallengesforDeveloping Coun-
Forest Research Institute (METLA) and the tries, edited by Matti
Palo and Gerardo Institute for Applied Economic Research Mery.
(IPEAIDIPES) in Brazil were among the To facilitate coordination,
interaction eleven implementing institutesthat contrib- and
exchange of information the project uted financially to the
research. Director organized three workshops between 1994 Eustaquio
J. Reis from IPEA served as the and 1996.The first and last
workshops were External Project Coordinator in Rio de Ja- held in
Finland and the second one in In- neiro while I acted as the
External Project donesia, in cooperation with the Center for
Director in Helsinki. International Forest Research (CIFOR).
This book addresses current global and regional issues concerning
the world's forests, societies and the environment from an
independent and non-governmental point of view. A main message is
that cooperation on a global scale is not only commendable, but
essential if solutions to the problems facing the world's forests
are to be found. To achieve this, modern science needs to find a
clearer picture of relationships between forests, human activity
and the environment and of the consequences of environmental change
for the ability of societies to survive. Part I, Editorial
Perspectives, is analyzing the ongoing globalization processes of
forests, societies and the environment. Part II, Society and
Environment, reviews worldwide trends with significance for the
future of forests and forestry. While the trends are influenced by
forest sector issues, that sector is influenced to a much larger
extent by external factors - such as demography, urbanization, or
technological development. Part III, Importance of Forests, looks
at the value of the goods and services of forests; tangible and
intangible; market and non-market; and concludes that failure to
recognize their full value is one of the crucial impediments to
sustainable development. In Part IV, Global Forum, scientists take
up global forestry themes - deforestation, trade and the
environment, climate change, biodiversity - with the aim of
stimulating wider discussion. Part V, Regional Forum, looks at
major themes of particular relevance to Africa, Asia-Pacific, Latin
America, North America and Europe, such as farm and agroforestry,
corruption and concessions, urban forestry and environmental
conflicts. Part VI introduces the special theme- forest sectors in
transition economies. Teams of scientists from Russia and China
focus on the implications of the transition from plan to market
economy, illuminating both the very different nature of the forest
sector in the two countries and the different transition paths that
they have adopted. In the past millennium the entire world has been
discovered. In the past half century the contribution of forests to
the economy worldwide has been perceived, while only recently have
their societal and environmental benefits been globally recognized.
Globalization is a demanding process requiring knowledge and
information. This book offers knowledge, facts and information
&endash; but also values from diverse human and cultural
perspectives &endash; about world forests, society and
environment to help us towards equity in our use of the global
forest, to create a clearer vision on a unasylva.
This book is an outcome of a research project on "Sustainable
Forestry and the Environment in Developing Countries." The project
has been run by Metsantutki muslaitos METLA -the Finnish Forest
Research Institute since 1987 and will be completed this year. A
major output by this project has so far been a report in three
volumes on "Deforestation or development in the Third World?" The
purpose of our multidisciplinary research project is to generate
new knowl edge about the causes of deforestation, its scenarios and
consequences. More knowledge is needed for more effective,
efficient and equitable public policy, both at the national and
intemationallevels in supporting sustainable forestry in develop
ing countries. Our project has specifically focused on 90 tropical
countries as one group and on three subgroups by continents, as
well as the three case study countries, the Philippines, Ethiopia
and Chile. The University of Joensuu has been our active partner in
the Philippine study. We have complemented the three cases by the
analyzes of Brazil and Indonesia, the two largest tropical
forest-owning countries. Some other interesting country studies
were annexed to complement our book both by geography and
expertise. The United Nations University, World Institute for
Development Economics Research, UNUIWIDER in Helsinki Finland has
also been partly engaged. Most of the results from its project on
"The Forest in the South and North in Context of Global Warming"
will, however, be published later in a separate book."
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