ON ART AND CONNOISSEURSHIP tr MAX J. FRIEDLANDER With 40 Illustrations Beacon Press Beacon Hill Boston Translated from the authors manuscript by TANCRED BORENIUS First published in 1942 by Bruno Cassirer, Ltd. First published as a Beacon Paperback in 1960 by permission of Bruno Cassirer, Ltd. - J l Printed in the United States of America CONTENTS PACE INTRODUCTION. By TANCRED BORENIUS 9 PREFACE 1 3 I. SEEING, PERCEIVING, PLEASURABLE CONTEMPLA TION 19 II. EXISTENCE, APPEARANCE, OBJECTIVE INTEREST IN THINGS 32 III. ART AND SYMBOL 39 IV, FORM, COLOUR, TONALITY, LIGHT, GOLD 43 V. THE CONCEPT OF PICTORIAL 3 VI. SIZE AND SCALE, DISTANT VIEW AND NEAR VIEW 8 VH. ON LINEAR PERSPECTIVE 64 Vffl. MOVEMENT 69 DC. TRUTH TO NATURE, ARTISTIC VALUE AND STYLE 75-X. INDIVIDUALITY AND TYPE 84 XI. ON BEAUTY 87 XII. ON COMPOSITION 91 XIII. ON THE PICTURE CATEGORIES 97 XTV. RELIGIOUS AND SECULAR HISTORY IN PAINTING 100 XV. THE NUDE 104 XVI. GENRE PAINTING 108 XVII. LANDSCAPE 113 XVffl. PORTRAITURE 124 XK. STILL LIFE W v-V. t I3, S CONTENTS PAGE XX. THE ARTIST GENIUS AND TALENT 1 34 XXI, ART AND ERUDITION 143 XXn. THE STANDPOINT OF THE SPECTATOR 1 55 XXffl. ON THE VALUE OF THE DETERMINATION OF AUTHORSHIP 160 XXIV. ON THE OBJECTIVE CRITERIA OF AUTHORSHIP 163 XXV. ON INTUITION AND THE FIRST IMPRESSION 172 XXVI. PROBLEMS OF CONNOISSEURSHIP 179 XXVIt. THE ANALYTICAL EXAMINATION OF PICTURES 1 84 XXVUI. ON THE USE OF PHOTOGRAPHY 197 XXIX. ON PERSONALITY AND ITS DEVELOPMENT 200 XXX. ON THE ANONYMOUS MASTERS, THE MEDIUM MASTERS AND THE LESSER MASTERS 213 XXXI. THE STUDY OF DRAWINGS 218 XXXII. INFLUENCE 222 XXXHI. ARTISTIC QUALITY ORIGINAL AND COPY 230 XXXIV. DEDUCTIONS A POSTERIORI FROM COPIES REGARDING LOST ORIGINALS246 XXXV. WORKSHOP PRODUCTION 2 0 XXXVI. ON FORGERIES 2 8 XXXVH. ON RESTORATIONS 267 XXXVni. ON ART LITERATURE 273 INDEX 281 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS HATE FACING PAGI i . HANS MEMIING. PORTRAIT OF A MAN IN AN ATTITUDE OF PRAYER. Lugano, Castle Rohoncz Collection frontispiece 2. MATTHIAS GRUNEWALD. THE CRUCIFIXION. Colmar Museum 24 3. PAUL CEZANNE. AUVERS-SUR-OISE 24-4. MASTER OF ALKMAAR. PANEL FROM THE SERIES OF THE WORKS OF MERCY. Amsterdam, Rijksmuseum 48 . DIRK BOUTS. THE LAST JUDGMENT Detail. Lille, Museum 9 2 6. ADOLPH VON MENZEL. SCENE FROM THE LIFE OF FREDERICK THE GREAT Woodcut 93 7. ALBRECHT DURER. A NUDE WOMAN Drawing. Bay onne, Museum 104 8. ALBRECHT DURER. ADAM AND EVE Drawing. New York, Morgan Library 105-9. JAN VAN EYCK. THE ROLLIN MADONNA Detail. Paris, Louvre 1 1 2 10. JOACHIM PATINIR. LANDSCAPE WITH THE RIVER OF DEATH. Madrid, Prado r 1 3 11. LUCAS CRANACH. REST ON THE FLIGHT INTO EGYPT. Berlin Picture Gallery 1 1 6 ii. WOLF HUBER. THE MONDSEE WITH THE SCHAFBERG Drawing. Nuremberg, Germanisches Museum 1 1 7 13. RUELAND FRUEAUF THE YOUNGER. PANEL FROM THE ALTARPIECE OF ST. LEOPOLD. Monastery of Kloster neuburg 120 14. LUCAS CRANACH. PORTRAIT OF JOHANN CUSPINIAN. Winterthur, Collection of Dr. O . Reinhart 1 2 1 i j. LUCAS CRANACH. PORTRAIT OF THE WIFE OF JOHANN CUSPINIAN. Winterthur, Collection of Dr. O. Rein hart 1 24 1 6. LUCAS VAN LEYDEN. PORTRAIT OF THE ARTIST Detail. Brunswick Museum 1 2 17. HANS MEMLING. STILL LIFE, Lugano, Castle Rohoncz Collection 13 1 8. MARINUS VAN REYMERSWAELE. ST. JEROME IN HIS STUDY. Madrid, Prado 1 3 i ILLUSTRATIONS PLATE FACING PAG i9. HUGO VAN DER GOES. ADORATION OF THE MAGI THE MONFORTE ALTARPIECE. Berlin Picture Gallery 148 20. HUGO VAN DERGOES. ADORATION OF THE SHEPHERDS THE PORTINARI ALTARPIECE. Florence, Uffizi 192 2i. HANS HOLBEIN. MADONNA OF THE BURGO-J MASTER MEYER. Darmstadt, Grand Ducal Castle BETWEEN 22. AFTER HANS HOLBEIN. MADONNA OF THE PAGES 232-3 BURGOMASTER MEYER. Dresden Gallery J 23. JAN VAN EYCK. CANON VAN DE PAELE Detail of the Altarpiece in the Bruges Museum 233 24. AFTER JAN VAN EYCK. CANON VAN DE PAELE. Hampton Court Palace. Copyright of H. M. The King 232 25-. BRUGES MASTER OF 1499. MADONNA WITH DONORS. Paris, Louvre 244 26. LUCAS CRANACH...

ON ART AND CONNOISSEURSHIP tr MAX J. FRIEDLANDER With 40 Illustrations Beacon Press Beacon Hill Boston Translated from the authors manuscript by TANCRED BORENIUS First published in 1942 by Bruno Cassirer, Ltd. First published as a Beacon Paperback in 1960 by permission of Bruno Cassirer, Ltd. - J l Printed in the United States of America CONTENTS PACE INTRODUCTION. By TANCRED BORENIUS 9 PREFACE 1 3 I. SEEING, PERCEIVING, PLEASURABLE CONTEMPLA TION 19 II. EXISTENCE, APPEARANCE, OBJECTIVE INTEREST IN THINGS 32 III. ART AND SYMBOL 39 IV, FORM, COLOUR, TONALITY, LIGHT, GOLD 43 V. THE CONCEPT OF PICTORIAL 3 VI. SIZE AND SCALE, DISTANT VIEW AND NEAR VIEW 8 VH. ON LINEAR PERSPECTIVE 64 Vffl. MOVEMENT 69 DC. TRUTH TO NATURE, ARTISTIC VALUE AND STYLE 75-X. INDIVIDUALITY AND TYPE 84 XI. ON BEAUTY 87 XII. ON COMPOSITION 91 XIII. ON THE PICTURE CATEGORIES 97 XTV. RELIGIOUS AND SECULAR HISTORY IN PAINTING 100 XV. THE NUDE 104 XVI. GENRE PAINTING 108 XVII. LANDSCAPE 113 XVffl. PORTRAITURE 124 XK. STILL LIFE W v-V. t I3, S CONTENTS PAGE XX. THE ARTIST GENIUS AND TALENT 1 34 XXI, ART AND ERUDITION 143 XXn. THE STANDPOINT OF THE SPECTATOR 1 55 XXffl. ON THE VALUE OF THE DETERMINATION OF AUTHORSHIP 160 XXIV. ON THE OBJECTIVE CRITERIA OF AUTHORSHIP 163 XXV. ON INTUITION AND THE FIRST IMPRESSION 172 XXVI. PROBLEMS OF CONNOISSEURSHIP 179 XXVIt. THE ANALYTICAL EXAMINATION OF PICTURES 1 84 XXVUI. ON THE USE OF PHOTOGRAPHY 197 XXIX. ON PERSONALITY AND ITS DEVELOPMENT 200 XXX. ON THE ANONYMOUS MASTERS, THE MEDIUM MASTERS AND THE LESSER MASTERS 213 XXXI. THE STUDY OF DRAWINGS 218 XXXII. INFLUENCE 222 XXXHI. ARTISTIC QUALITY ORIGINAL AND COPY 230 XXXIV. DEDUCTIONS A POSTERIORI FROM COPIES REGARDING LOST ORIGINALS246 XXXV. WORKSHOP PRODUCTION 2 0 XXXVI. ON FORGERIES 2 8 XXXVH. ON RESTORATIONS 267 XXXVni. ON ART LITERATURE 273 INDEX 281 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS HATE FACING PAGI i . HANS MEMIING. PORTRAIT OF A MAN IN AN ATTITUDE OF PRAYER. Lugano, Castle Rohoncz Collection frontispiece 2. MATTHIAS GRUNEWALD. THE CRUCIFIXION. Colmar Museum 24 3. PAUL CEZANNE. AUVERS-SUR-OISE 24-4. MASTER OF ALKMAAR. PANEL FROM THE SERIES OF THE WORKS OF MERCY. Amsterdam, Rijksmuseum 48 . DIRK BOUTS. THE LAST JUDGMENT Detail. Lille, Museum 9 2 6. ADOLPH VON MENZEL. SCENE FROM THE LIFE OF FREDERICK THE GREAT Woodcut 93 7. ALBRECHT DURER. A NUDE WOMAN Drawing. Bay onne, Museum 104 8. ALBRECHT DURER. ADAM AND EVE Drawing. New York, Morgan Library 105-9. JAN VAN EYCK. THE ROLLIN MADONNA Detail. Paris, Louvre 1 1 2 10. JOACHIM PATINIR. LANDSCAPE WITH THE RIVER OF DEATH. Madrid, Prado r 1 3 11. LUCAS CRANACH. REST ON THE FLIGHT INTO EGYPT. Berlin Picture Gallery 1 1 6 ii. WOLF HUBER. THE MONDSEE WITH THE SCHAFBERG Drawing. Nuremberg, Germanisches Museum 1 1 7 13. RUELAND FRUEAUF THE YOUNGER. PANEL FROM THE ALTARPIECE OF ST. LEOPOLD. Monastery of Kloster neuburg 120 14. LUCAS CRANACH. PORTRAIT OF JOHANN CUSPINIAN. Winterthur, Collection of Dr. O . Reinhart 1 2 1 i j. LUCAS CRANACH. PORTRAIT OF THE WIFE OF JOHANN CUSPINIAN. Winterthur, Collection of Dr. O. Rein hart 1 24 1 6. LUCAS VAN LEYDEN. PORTRAIT OF THE ARTIST Detail. Brunswick Museum 1 2 17. HANS MEMLING. STILL LIFE, Lugano, Castle Rohoncz Collection 13 1 8. MARINUS VAN REYMERSWAELE. ST. JEROME IN HIS STUDY. Madrid, Prado 1 3 i ILLUSTRATIONS PLATE FACING PAG i9. HUGO VAN DER GOES. ADORATION OF THE MAGI THE MONFORTE ALTARPIECE. Berlin Picture Gallery 148 20. HUGO VAN DERGOES. ADORATION OF THE SHEPHERDS THE PORTINARI ALTARPIECE. Florence, Uffizi 192 2i. HANS HOLBEIN. MADONNA OF THE BURGO-J MASTER MEYER. Darmstadt, Grand Ducal Castle BETWEEN 22. AFTER HANS HOLBEIN. MADONNA OF THE PAGES 232-3 BURGOMASTER MEYER. Dresden Gallery J 23. JAN VAN EYCK. CANON VAN DE PAELE Detail of the Altarpiece in the Bruges Museum 233 24. AFTER JAN VAN EYCK. CANON VAN DE PAELE. Hampton Court Palace. Copyright of H. M. The King 232 25-. BRUGES MASTER OF 1499. MADONNA WITH DONORS. Paris, Louvre 244 26. LUCAS CRANACH...