This book collects, for the first time in one volume, contributions honoring Professor Raymond Smullyan's work on self-reference. It serves not only as a tribute to one of the great thinkers in logic, but also as a celebration of self-reference in general, to be enjoyed by all lovers of this field. Raymond Smullyan, mathematician, philosopher, musician and inventor of logic puzzles, made a lasting impact on the study of mathematical logic; accordingly, this book spans the many personalities through which Professor Smullyan operated, offering extensions and re-evaluations of his academic work on self-reference, applying self-referential logic to art and nature, and lastly, offering new puzzles designed to communicate otherwise esoteric concepts in mathematical logic, in the manner for which Professor Smullyan was so well known. This book is suitable for students, scholars and logicians who are interested in learning more about Raymond Smullyan's work and life.

This volume represents the state of the art for much current research in many-valued logics. Primary researchers in the field are among the authors. Major methodological issues of many-valued logics are treated, as well as applications of many-valued logics to reasoning with fuzzy information. Areas covered include: Algebras of multiple valued logics and their applications, proof theory and automated deduction in multiple valued logics, fuzzy logics and their applications, and multiple valued logics for control theory and rational belief.

Classical logic is concerned, loosely, with the behaviour of truths. Epistemic logic similarly is about the behaviour of known or believed truths. Justification logic is a theory of reasoning that enables the tracking of evidence for statements and therefore provides a logical framework for the reliability of assertions. This book, the first in the area, is a systematic account of the subject, progressing from modal logic through to the establishment of an arithmetic interpretation of intuitionistic logic. The presentation is mathematically rigorous but in a style that will appeal to readers from a wide variety of areas to which the theory applies. These include mathematical logic, artificial intelligence, computer science, philosophical logic and epistemology, linguistics, and game theory.

This is a thorough treatment of first-order modal logic. The book covers such issues as quantification, equality (including a treatment of Frege's morning star/evening star puzzle), the notion of existence, non-rigid constants and function symbols, predicate abstraction, the distinction between nonexistence and nondesignation, and definite descriptions, borrowing from both Fregean and Russellian paradigms.

There are many kinds of books on formal logic. Some have philosophers as their intended audience, some mathematicians, some computer scien tists. Although there is a common core to all such books, they will be very different in emphasis, methods, and even appearance. This book is intended for computer scientists. But even this is not precise. Within computer science formal logic turns up in a number of areas, from pro gram verification to logic programming to artificial intelligence. This book is intended for computer scientists interested in automated theo rem proving in classical logic. To be more precise yet, it is essentially a theoretical treatment, not a how-to book, although how-to issues are not neglected. This does not mean, of course, that the book will be of no interest to philosophers or mathematicians. It does contain a thorough presentation of formal logic and many proof techniques, and as such it contains all the material one would expect to find in a course in formal logic covering completeness but, not incompleteness issues. The first item to be addressed is, What are we talking about and why are we interested in it? We are primarily talking about truth as used in mathematical discourse, and our interest in it is, or should be, self evident. Truth is a semantic concept, so we begin with models and their properties. These are used to define our subject.

This volume represents the state of the art for much current research in many-valued logics. Primary researchers in the field are among the authors. Major methodological issues of many-valued logics are treated, as well as applications of many-valued logics to reasoning with fuzzy information. Areas covered include: Algebras of multiple valued logics and their applications, proof theory and automated deduction in multiple valued logics, fuzzy logics and their applications, and multiple valued logics for control theory and rational belief.

This book collects, for the first time in one volume, contributions honoring Professor Raymond Smullyan's work on self-reference. It serves not only as a tribute to one of the great thinkers in logic, but also as a celebration of self-reference in general, to be enjoyed by all lovers of this field. Raymond Smullyan, mathematician, philosopher, musician and inventor of logic puzzles, made a lasting impact on the study of mathematical logic; accordingly, this book spans the many personalities through which Professor Smullyan operated, offering extensions and re-evaluations of his academic work on self-reference, applying self-referential logic to art and nature, and lastly, offering new puzzles designed to communicate otherwise esoteric concepts in mathematical logic, in the manner for which Professor Smullyan was so well known. This book is suitable for students, scholars and logicians who are interested in learning more about Raymond Smullyan's work and life.

Apresentam-se os teoremas fundamentais de incompletude e indecidibilidade da logica matematica no contexto da teoria de conjuntos. Os resultados correspondentes para a aritmetica conseguemse obter facilmente a partir destes e sao tambem apresentados. Evita-se, em geral, o recurso a enumeracao de Godel, exceto quando se estabelece uma relacao explicita entre a teoria de conjuntos e a aritmetica. Este livro nao pressupoe muitos conhecimentos previos por parte do leitor. Apenas se pede alguma maturidade matematica, alguma familiaridade com logica formal e que o leitor conheca o teorema da completude, embora nao necessariamente a sua prova. Tudo o resto sera desenvolvido e demonstrado, do Teorema de Tarski ao Segundo Teorema da Incompletude de Godel. Sao propostos ao longo de todo o livro exercicios variados."