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Criminalized power structures (CPS) are illicit networks that
profit from transactions in black markets and from criminalized
state institutions while perpetuating a culture of impunity. The
book articulates a typology for assessing the threats of CPS and
for implementing appropriate strategies to achieve sustainable
peace effectively and efficiently. The international case studies
address interventions undertaken either to support the
implementation of a peace agreement (i.e., a peace operation) or to
stabilize a country entangled in an internal conflict in the
context of a power-sharing agreement among key protagonists (i.e.,
a stability operation). In each of these cases, at least one of the
parties to the agreement was a criminalized power structure that
was a leading spoiler. The final chapter identifies strategies that
are most effective for each type of CPS, including the ways and
means (or tools) required for effective conflict transformation. A
companion volume, Combating Criminalized Power Structures: A
Toolkit, provides practitioners with the means of coping with the
challenges posed by CPS.
Criminalized power structures (CPS) are illicit networks that
profit from transactions in black markets and from criminalized
state institutions while perpetuating a culture of impunity. These
criminalized power structures are the predominant spoilers of peace
settlements and stability operations. This volume focuses on the
means available to practitioners to cope with the challenges posed
by CPS along with recommendations for improving their efficacy and
an enumeration of the conditions essential for their success. The
means range from economic sanctions and border controls to the use
of social media and criminal intelligence-led operations. Each step
of this toolkit is detailed, explaining what each tool is, how it
can be used, which type of CPS it is best suited to address, and
what is necessary to ensure success of the peace operations. The
effectiveness of the tool is also assessed and its use is
illustrated through real life situations, such as international
supply chain controls to prevent the looting of natural resources
in Western Africa or the intervention of international judges and
prosecutors in Kosovo. A companion volume, Criminalized Power
Structures: The Overlooked Enemies of Peace, articulates a typology
for assessing the threats of CPS illustrated by many case studies.
Criminalized power structures (CPS) are illicit networks that
profit from transactions in black markets and from criminalized
state institutions while perpetuating a culture of impunity. These
criminalized power structures are the predominant spoilers of peace
settlements and stability operations. This volume focuses on the
means available to practitioners to cope with the challenges posed
by CPS along with recommendations for improving their efficacy and
an enumeration of the conditions essential for their success. The
means range from economic sanctions and border controls to the use
of social media and criminal intelligence-led operations. Each step
of this toolkit is detailed, explaining what each tool is, how it
can be used, which type of CPS it is best suited to address, and
what is necessary to ensure success of the peace operations. The
effectiveness of the tool is also assessed and its use is
illustrated through real life situations, such as international
supply chain controls to prevent the looting of natural resources
in Western Africa or the intervention of international judges and
prosecutors in Kosovo. A companion volume, Criminalized Power
Structures: The Overlooked Enemies of Peace, articulates a typology
for assessing the threats of CPS illustrated by many case studies.
Criminalized power structures (CPS) are illicit networks that
profit from transactions in black markets and from criminalized
state institutions while perpetuating a culture of impunity. The
book articulates a typology for assessing the threats of CPS and
for implementing appropriate strategies to achieve sustainable
peace effectively and efficiently. The international case studies
address interventions undertaken either to support the
implementation of a peace agreement (i.e., a peace operation) or to
stabilize a country entangled in an internal conflict in the
context of a power-sharing agreement among key protagonists (i.e.,
a stability operation). In each of these cases, at least one of the
parties to the agreement was a criminalized power structure that
was a leading spoiler. The final chapter identifies strategies that
are most effective for each type of CPS, including the ways and
means (or tools) required for effective conflict transformation. A
companion volume, Combating Criminalized Power Structures: A
Toolkit, provides practitioners with the means of coping with the
challenges posed by CPS.
As Saddam Hussein's government fell in April 2003, news accounts
detailed the pillage of Iraq's National Museum. The museum's
looting grabbed headlines worldwide and public attention briefly
focused on Iraq's threatened cultural heritage. Less dramatic,
though far more devastating, was the subsequent epidemic of looting
at thousands of archaeological sites around the country. Illegal
digging on a massive scale continues to this day, virtually
unchecked, with Iraq's ten thousand officially recognized sites
being destroyed at a rate of roughly 10 percent per year. This book
contains the first full published account of the disasters that
have befallen Iraq's cultural heritage, and it analyzes why the
array of laws and international conventions; the advocacy efforts
of cultural heritage organizations; and the military planning and
implementation of cultural protection operations all failed, and
continue to fail, to prevent massive and irreversible loss. Looking
forward, the book identifies new planning procedures, policy
mechanisms, and implementation strategies capable of succeeding, so
the mistakes of Iraq will not be replicated in other regions in
crisis whose cultural heritage are at risk. Both archaeologists and
policy-makers will benefit from this detailed study.
As Saddam Hussein's government fell in April 2003, news accounts
detailed the pillage of Iraq's National Museum. The museum's
looting grabbed headlines worldwide and public attention briefly
focused on Iraq's threatened cultural heritage. Less dramatic,
though far more devastating, was the subsequent epidemic of looting
at thousands of archaeological sites around the country. Illegal
digging on a massive scale continues to this day, virtually
unchecked, with Iraq's ten thousand officially recognized sites
being destroyed at a rate of roughly 10 percent per year. This book
contains the first full published account of the disasters that
have befallen Iraq's cultural heritage, and it analyzes why the
array of laws and international conventions; the advocacy efforts
of cultural heritage organizations; and the military planning and
implementation of cultural protection operations all failed, and
continue to fail, to prevent massive and irreversible loss. Looking
forward, the book identifies new planning procedures, policy
mechanisms, and implementation strategies capable of succeeding, so
the mistakes of Iraq will not be replicated in other regions in
crisis whose cultural heritage are at risk. Both archaeologists and
policy-makers will benefit from this detailed study.
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