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In 2005, Austria celebrated the sixtieth anniversary of its
liberation from the Nazi regime and the fiftieth anniversary of the
State Treaty that ended the occupation and returned full
sovereignty to the country. This volume of Contemporary Austrian
Studies covers foreign policy in the twentieth century. It offers
an up-to-date status report of Austria's foreign policy
trajectories and diplomatic options.Eva Nowotny, the current
Austrian ambassador to the United States, introduces the volume
with an analysis of the art and practice of Austrian diplomacy in
historical perspective. Ambassador Wolfgang Petritsch analyzes
recent Balkans diplomacy as an EU emissary in the Bosnian and
Kosovo crises. Historians Gunther Kronenbitter, Alexander Lassner,
Gunter Bischof, Joanna Granville, and Martin Kofler provide
historical case studies of pre-and post-World War I and World War
II Austrian diplomacy, Austria's dealings with the Hungarian crisis
of 1956, and its mediation between Kennedy and Khrushchev in the
early 1960s. Political scientists Romain Kirt, Stefan Mayer, and
Gunther Hauser analyze small states' foreign policymaking in a
globalizing world, Austrian federal states' separate regional
policy initiatives abroad and Austria's role vis-a-vis current
European security initiatives. Michael Gehler periodizes post-World
War II Austrian foreign policy regimes and provides a valuable
summary of both the available archival and printed diplomatic
source collections. A "Historiography Roundtable" is dedicated to
the Austrian Occupation decade. Gunter Bischof reports on the state
of occupation historiography; Oliver Rathkolb on the historical
memory of the occupation; Michael Gehler on the context of the
German question; and Wolfgang Mueller and Norman Naimark on
Stalin's Cold War and Soviet policies towards Austria during those
years. Review essays and book reviews on art theft, anti-Semitism,
the Hungarian crisis of 1956, among other topics, complete the
volume.
In 2005, Austria celebrated the sixtieth anniversary of its
liberation from the Nazi regime and the fiftieth anniversary of the
State Treaty that ended the occupation and returned full
sovereignty to the country. This volume of Contemporary Austrian
Studies covers foreign policy in the twentieth century. It offers
an up-to-date status report of Austria's foreign policy
trajectories and diplomatic options.
Eva Nowotny, the current Austrian ambassador to the United
States, introduces the volume with an analysis of the art and
practice of Austrian diplomacy in historical perspective.
Ambassador Wolfgang Petritsch analyzes recent Balkans diplomacy as
an EU emissary in the Bosnian and Kosovo crises. Historians Gunther
Kronenbitter, Alexander Lassner, Gunter Bischof, Joanna Granville,
and Martin Kofler provide historical case studies of pre-and
post-World War I and World War II Austrian diplomacy, Austria's
dealings with the Hungarian crisis of 1956, and its mediation
between Kennedy and Khrushchev in the early 1960s. Political
scientists Romain Kirt, Stefan Mayer, and Gunther Hauser analyze
small states' foreign policymaking in a globalizing world, Austrian
federal states' separate regional policy initiatives abroad and
Austria's role vis-a-vis current European security initiatives.
Michael Gehler periodizes post-World War II Austrian foreign policy
regimes and provides a valuable summary of both the available
archival and printed diplomatic source collections. A
"Historiography Roundtable" is dedicated to the Austrian Occupation
decade. Gunter Bischof reports on the state of occupation
historiography; Oliver Rathkolb on the historical memory of the
occupation; Michael Gehler on the context of the German question;
and Wolfgang Mueller and Norman Naimark on Stalin's Cold War and
Soviet policies towards Austria during those years. Review essays
and book reviews on art theft, anti-Semitism, the Hungarian crisis
of 1956, among other topics, complete the volume.
This is the companion volume to "Political Catholicism in Europe
1918-1945," Christian Democratic (CD) parties became the dominant
political force in post-war Western Europe, and the European
People's Party is currently the largest group in the European
Parliament. CD parties and political leaders like Adenauer, Schuman
and De Gasperi played a particularly important role in the
evolution of the core Europe of the EEC/EC after 1945.
This book, for the first time, reveals the roles of the CD parties
in postwar Europe, systematically and from a pan-European
perspective. All country chapters address the same questions about
the parties' membership and social organization; their economic and
social policies; and their European and international policies
during the Cold War. Rather than simply covering Western Europe, it
includes chapters on East-Central Europe in the first years after
1945 before their suppression.
An introductory survey chapter, by eminent British historian Peter
Pulzer reveals the international context for the development of
European CD parties in the 20th century; and a comparative chapter
- by Anton Pelinka - draws together the main results of the
individual chapters from a pan-European perspective. Furthermore,
two chapters on the much-neglected transnational cooperation of
these parties and their influence on the process of European
integration after 1945 complement the country chapters.
This volume (and its companion volume) are research based and will
be accessible to undergraduate and graduate students. As Christian
Democratic parties are the least researched compared with Socialist
or Communist parties, and with no CD parties in the US or the UK,
hardlyany useful literature exists in English which can be used on
20th century and postwar European history courses, or more
specialized history or country courses. This book therefore fills a
significant gap in postwar European history, and will prove
valuable to researchers and students of European studies, politics
and history.
This is the companion volume to "Political Catholicism in Europe
1918-1945," Christian Democratic (CD) parties became the dominant
political force in post-war Western Europe, and the European
People's Party is currently the largest group in the European
Parliament. CD parties and political leaders like Adenauer, Schuman
and De Gasperi played a particularly important role in the
evolution of the core Europe of the EEC/EC after 1945.
This book, for the first time, reveals the roles of the CD parties
in postwar Europe, systematically and from a pan-European
perspective. All country chapters address the same questions about
the parties' membership and social organization; their economic and
social policies; and their European and international policies
during the Cold War. Rather than simply covering Western Europe, it
includes chapters on East-Central Europe in the first years after
1945 before their suppression.
An introductory survey chapter, by eminent British historian Peter
Pulzer reveals the international context for the development of
European CD parties in the 20th century; and a comparative chapter
- by Anton Pelinka - draws together the main results of the
individual chapters from a pan-European perspective. Furthermore,
two chapters on the much-neglected transnational cooperation of
these parties and their influence on the process of European
integration after 1945 complement the country chapters.
This volume (and its companion volume) are research based and will
be accessible to undergraduate and graduate students. As Christian
Democratic parties are the least researched compared with Socialist
or Communist parties, and with no CD parties in the US or the UK,
hardlyany useful literature exists in English which can be used on
20th century and postwar European history courses, or more
specialized history or country courses. This book therefore fills a
significant gap in postwar European history, and will prove
valuable to researchers and students of European studies, politics
and history.
The articles of this comprehensive edited volume offer a
multidisciplinary, global and comparative approach to the history
of empires. They analyze their ends over a long spectrum of
humankind's history, ranging from Ancient History through Modern
Times. As the main guiding question, every author of this volume
scrutinizes the reasons for the decline, the erosion, and the
implosion of individual empires. All contributions locate and
highlight different factors that triggered or at least supported
the ending or the implosion of empires. This overall question makes
all the contributions to this volume comparable and allows to
detect similarities, differences as well as inconsistencies of
historical processes.
The notion that neutrality is a phenomenon only relevant to the
Cold War is false in many ways. The Cold War was about building
blocks, neutrality about staying out of them. From 1975 until the
end of the Cold War, neutral states offered mediation and good
offices and fought against the stagnation of the detente policy
especially in the framework of the CSCE. After the end of the Cold
War, neutral states became active in peace-operations outside of
military alliances. The concept of neutrality has proven time and
again that it can adapt to new situations. In many ways, small
neutral states have more room to maneuver than members of alliances
or big powers. They have more acceptance and fewer geopolitical
interests. Neutrality has been declared obsolete many times in its
long and layered history., yet it has also made many comebacks in
varying forms and contexts. Neutrality in the 21st century does not
involve to staying out but engaging. In contrast to disengagement
and staying out, engaged neutrality entails active participation in
the international security policy in general and in international
peace operations in particular. Engaged neutrality means
involvement whenever possible and staying out only if necessary.
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