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Code Nation explores the rise of software development as a social,
cultural, and technical phenomenon in American history. The
movement germinated in government and university labs during the
1950s, gained momentum through corporate and counterculture
experiments in the 1960s and 1970s, and became a broad-based
computer literacy movement in the 1980s. As personal computing came
to the fore, learning to program was transformed by a groundswell
of popular enthusiasm, exciting new platforms, and an array of
commercial practices that have been further amplified by
distributed computing and the Internet. The resulting society can
be depicted as a "Code Nation"-a globally-connected world that is
saturated with computer technology and enchanted by software and
its creation. Code Nation is a new history of personal computing
that emphasizes the technical and business challenges that software
developers faced when building applications for CP/M, MS-DOS, UNIX,
Microsoft Windows, the Apple Macintosh, and other emerging
platforms. It is a popular history of computing that explores the
experiences of novice computer users, tinkerers, hackers, and power
users, as well as the ideals and aspirations of leading computer
scientists, engineers, educators, and entrepreneurs. Computer book
and magazine publishers also played important, if overlooked, roles
in the diffusion of new technical skills, and this book highlights
their creative work and influence. Code Nation offers a
"behind-the-scenes" look at application and operating-system
programming practices, the diversity of historic computer
languages, the rise of user communities, early attempts to market
PC software, and the origins of "enterprise" computing systems.
Code samples and over 80 historic photographs support the text. The
book concludes with an assessment of contemporary efforts to teach
computational thinking to young people.
Heinrich Heshusius (1556-97) became a leading church superintendent
and polemicist during the early age of Lutheran orthodoxy, and
played a major role in the reform and administration of several
German cities during the late Reformation. As well as offering an
introduction to Heshusius's writings and ideas, this volume
explores the wider world of late-sixteenth-century German
Lutheranism in which he lived and worked. In particular, it looks
at the important but inadequately understood network of Lutheran
clergymen in North Germany centred around universities such as
Rostock, Jena, KAnigsberg, and Helmstedt, and territories such as
Braunschweig-WolfenbA1/4ttel, in the years after the promulgation
of the Formula of Concord (1577). In 1579, Heshusius followed his
father Tilemann to the newly founded University of Helmstedt, where
Heinrich served as a professor on the philosophy faculty and
established lasting connections within the Gnesio-Lutheran party.
In the 1590s, Heshusius completed his doctoral degree in theology
and worked as a pastor and superintendent in Tonna and Hildesheim,
publishing over seventy sermons as well as a popular catechism
based on the Psalms and Luther's Small Catechism. As confessional
tensions mounted in Hildesheim, Heshusius worked as a polemicist
for the Lutheran cause, pressing for the conversion or expulsion of
local Jews. At the same time, Heshusius began to argue aggressively
for the expulsion of Jesuits, who had been increasing in number due
to the activities of the local bishop and administrator, Ernst II
of Bavaria. By discussing the connection between these two
expulsion efforts, and the practical activities Heshusius undertook
as a preacher, catechist, and administrator, this study portrays
Heshusius as a zealous protector of Lutheran traditions in the face
of confessional rivals. Understanding this zeal, and the policies,
piety, and propaganda that came as a result, is an important factor
in relating how Lutheran orthodoxy gained momentum within Germany
in the last decades of the sixteenth century. In all this book will
reveal the complex characteristics of an important (but virtually
unknown) Lutheran superintendent and theologian active during the
era of confessionalization, providing a useful resource for the
ongoing efforts of scholars hoping to understand the nature of
orthodoxy and its importance for early modern Europeans.f
Numerous historical studies use the term "community'" to express or
comment on social relationships within geographic, religious,
political, social, or literary settings, yet this volume is the
first systematic attempt to collect together important examples of
this varied work in order to draw comparisons and conclusions about
the definition of community across early modern Europe. Offering a
variety of historical and theoretical approaches, the sixteen
original essays in this collection survey major regions of Western
Europe, including France, Geneva, the German Lands, Italy and the
Spanish Empire, the Netherlands, England, and Scotland.
Complementing the regional diversity is a broad spectrum of
religious confessions: Roman Catholic communities in France, Italy,
and Germany; Reformed churches in France, Geneva, and Scotland;
Lutheran communities in Germany; Mennonites in Germany and the
Netherlands; English Anglicans; Jews in Germany, Italy, and the
Netherlands; and Muslim converts returning to Christian England.
This volume illuminates the variety of ways in which communities
were defined and operated across early modern Europe: as imposed by
community leaders or negotiated across society; as defined by
belief, behavior, and memory; as marked by rigid boundaries and
conflict or by flexibility and change; as shaped by art, ritual,
charity, or devotional practices; and as characterized by the
contending or overlapping boundaries of family, religion, and
politics. Taken together, these chapters demonstrate the complex
and changeable nature of community in an era more often
characterized as a time of stark certainties and inflexibility. As
a result, the volume contributes a vital resource to the ongoing
efforts of scholars to understand the creation and perpetuation of
communities and the significance of community definition for early
modern Europeans.
Code Nation explores the rise of software development as a social,
cultural, and technical phenomenon in American history. The
movement germinated in government and university labs during the
1950s, gained momentum through corporate and counterculture
experiments in the 1960s and 1970s, and became a broad-based
computer literacy movement in the 1980s. As personal computing came
to the fore, learning to program was transformed by a groundswell
of popular enthusiasm, exciting new platforms, and an array of
commercial practices that have been further amplified by
distributed computing and the Internet. The resulting society can
be depicted as a "Code Nation"-a globally-connected world that is
saturated with computer technology and enchanted by software and
its creation.Code Nation is a new history of personal computing
that emphasizes the technical and business challenges that software
developers faced when building applications for CP/M, MS-DOS, UNIX,
Microsoft Windows, the Apple Macintosh, and other emerging
platforms. It is a popular history of computing that explores the
experiences of novice computer users, tinkerers, hackers, and power
users, as well as the ideals and aspirations of leading computer
scientists, engineers, educators, and entrepreneurs. Computer book
and magazine publishers also played important, if overlooked, roles
in the diffusion of new technical skills, and this book highlights
their creative work and influence. Code Nation offers a
"behind-the-scenes" look at application and operating-system
programming practices, the diversity of historic computer
languages, the rise of user communities, early attempts to market
PC software, and the origins of "enterprise" computing systems.
Code samples and over 80 historic photographs support the text. The
book concludes with an assessment of contemporary efforts to teach
computational thinking to young people.
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