This work is of great importance to the study of Egyptology. Detailed but isolated studies have been made of several Late Period tombs and other groups of tombs have been discussed comparatively. Royal tombs have been studied in depth. However, until now there has not been a comprehensive survey and analysis of all the non-royal Egyptian tombs of the Late Period. This book details the architecture, decoration and textual content of all the known non- royal Egyptian tombs of the Period, both within the Nile Valley and elsewhere, as well as the artefacts found within them. It categorises the tombs into a new typology, enabling easy cross-reference of differing types of tomb in different areas, and it discusses the development of the tombs from their earlier architectural forms. It considers why important types of tomb were developed in some areas, while in other areas different types of tomb were created. No work of a similar nature has previously been undertaken, making this an essential reference work for the student of this period of Egyptian history; it will also be of great interest to the student of archaeology and the history of art and architecture.

This study investigates the drivers for the development of the elite Late Period tombs of the necropoleis of Memphis. It studies their conceptual basis in the context of the social and political situation of the Late Period. It examines the landscape of Memphis and explores the geographic, geological and man-made features that encouraged the creation of a sacred landscape with a view to discovering what features made this a desirable place for the building of tombs and why Late Period clusters of tombs were built in some parts of that landscape but not in others; it also considers the significance of their alignment. It sets out to discover what religious, social or ancestral factors made the elite choose the location of the individual tombs, what determined their structure and how they relate to older as well as contemporary structures. Finally, the reason for the positions of the different burial grounds of Memphis, and the interrelation between them, is explored in order to establish the socio-political factors influencing that choice.

No one knows when the first sail was raised to propel a boat on the River Mersey, but much speculation abounds. Theoretically, sailing ships could have used this stretch of water in as far back as pre-Roman times, but the oldest proven vessel was that of the Middle Ages. In this volume, Michael Stammers tells the history of the many Liverpool sailing ships from 1565, the year of the first list of Liverpool ships - there were twelve, ranging from the bark 'Eagle', of 40 tons to the boat 'Good Luck' of 6 tons - through the age of slavery and into the 1930s. Even after the advent of stream propulsion, sail still ruled in many parts of the world and Liverpool was no exception. Four-masted barques such as 'Olivebank' and 'Celtic Glen' were a common view in the dock system and were a stunning sight to behold.

The county of Norfolk is surrounded by water, with the North Sea to the east and north, the Great Ouse, Little Ouse and River Waveney to the west and south, and for hundreds of years ships have played a vital role in the economy of the country. No doubt the first boats were log boats from pre-Roman times and evidence of Roman, Anglo-Saxon and Viking boats have been found. From the late eighteenth century onwards, dramatic changes in marine technology saw the growth of steam ships and the gradual decline of traditional sailing craft. Norfolk has, though, been a haven for craft such as the wherries that once plied the Broads, as well as the sailing fishing vessels that once used the harbour at Great Yarmouth. By the 1890s, steam was king and many ships of all types, from tugs to tramp steamers and passenger vessels, were powered by the steam engine.Tourism saw a huge rise in the number of pleasure steamers while the growth of sea travel saw the introduction of lifeboats along the coast from Cromer to Caister. Inside Norfolk Shipping are 200 photographs and images of just some of the many craft that have plied both the North Sea off the coast and inland to the Broads and along the country's main rivers.

The story of Liverpool is, in many ways, the story of its docks. Before the docks, trade was limited by the tides and at the mercy of the Mersey's currents. After dock construction began, the city became a hub of Britain's worldwide trading network. Cheshire Salt, Lancashire coal and textiles, Staffordshire pottery and Birmingham metal goods were all export staples and played an important part - until the 1807 abolition - in the infamous African slave trade. At the same time, sugar, rum, cotton and timber were exported in huge quantities. Through the expansion of the empire and the opportunities presented by steam power, the docks continued to grow and prosper. Even after the setbacks and bombing of the Second World War, trade rapidly recovered. However, the pace of change increased in the late 1950s and not to Liverpool's benefit. Passenger liners lost out to airliners (Cunard ships last called here in 1964) and changes in cargo handling led to the displacement of six traditional cargo liners for every new container vessel. There was competition from new container ports like Felixstowe as well as a range of local difficulties. With many contemporary illustrations of people, ships, buildings and machinery, Michael Stammers chronicles not just the rise and fall of Mersey shipping but also the way the docks have bounced back. Redevelopment, restoration and new modes of commerce have put Liverpool's docks back in the black and the docks continue to be a significant part of the Liverpool of today, albeit a very different-looking docks to the port of over sixty years ago.

This book sets out to describe and illustrate a series of local features (architectural bits and pieces, gravestones, buildings and other landmarks, large and small) that have played a part in Crosby's history. The first part of the book offers a general commentary on different aspects of Crosby's development while the second part explores the different types of building materials found in Crosby as well as signs, dates and inscriptions. Illustrated with over 100 photographs, drawings and maps, this book will fascinate anyone with an interest in Crosby and how it developed its unique character and identity.