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This book offers a detailed presentation of the principles and
practice of life cycle impact assessment. As a volume of the LCA
compendium, the book is structured according to the LCIA framework
developed by the International Organisation for Standardisation
(ISO)passing through the phases of definition or selection of
impact categories, category indicators and characterisation models
(Classification): calculation of category indicator results
(Characterisation); calculating the magnitude of category indicator
results relative to reference information (Normalisation); and
converting indicator results of different impact categories by
using numerical factors based on value-choices (Weighting). Chapter
one offers a historical overview of the development of life cycle
impact assessment and presents the boundary conditions and the
general principles and constraints of characterisation modelling in
LCA. The second chapter outlines the considerations underlying the
selection of impact categories and the classification or assignment
of inventory flows into these categories. Chapters three through
thirteen exploreall the impact categories that are commonly
included in LCIA, discussing the characteristics of each followed
by a review of midpoint and endpoint characterisation methods,
metrics, uncertainties and new developments, and a discussion of
research needs. Chapter-length treatment is accorded to Climate
Change; Stratospheric Ozone Depletion; Human Toxicity; Particulate
Matter Formation; Photochemical Ozone Formation; Ecotoxicity;
Acidification; Eutrophication; Land Use; Water Use; and Abiotic
Resource Use. The final two chapters map out the optional LCIA
steps of Normalisation and Weighting.
The aim of this book is to support industry in their effort to
design environ mentally friendly products. The book comprises a
method and a manual for life cycle assessment of products and it
includes examples of how industrial companies have used the method
succesfully in the design of more environ mentally friendly
products. The method has been developed over a period of four years
under the Danish EDIP programme (Environmental Design of Industrial
Products) by a team representing the Technical University of
Denmark, five Danish industrial companies, the Confederation of
Danish Industries and the Dan ish Environmental Protection Agency.
The method is coheherent and opera tional and it is well documented
by a large variety of examples including five different complex
electromechanical products. It guides the user through the
inventory and assessment of environmental impacts of products and
shows how various products and design solutions during product
development can be compared. The method is supported by a base of
data for the assessments of environmental impacts and is thus
designed as a tool which will make it possible for the user to
start on life cycle assessment at once. The book also guides the
user through the identification of environmental improvement
potentials in the product and the setting of environmental
specifications with in the general concept of overall commercial
optimization. The partnership between industry, authorities and
university has been highly fruitful."
This major two volume work presents a new decision making tool
which enables manufacturers and scientists to undertake life cycle
assessment (LCA) of new products from the design and development
stages. The methodology allows the environmental consequences of a
product to enter into decision making in the same way as
traditional commercial parameters such as price, quality etc.
Significantly, it is in accordance with international consensus, as
defined by SETAC (Society of Environmental Toxicology and
Chemistry) and ISO (International Organization for
Standardization). Moreover, the individual steps have been made
operational through the creation of a collection of tools for
assessment. The books are derived from the Environmental Design of
Industrial Products (EDIP) programme organized by the Technical
University of Denmark and five leading Danish companies. The
project was sponsored by the Danish Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) and the Confederation of Danish Industries.
The aim of this book is to support industry in their effort to
design environ mentally friendly products. The book comprises a
method and a manual for life cycle assessment of products and it
includes examples of how industrial companies have used the method
succesfully in the design of more environ mentally friendly
products. The method has been developed over a period of four years
under the Danish EDIP programme (Environmental Design of Industrial
Products) by a team representing the Technical University of
Denmark, five Danish industrial companies, the Confederation of
Danish Industries and the Dan ish Environmental Protection Agency.
The method is coheherent and opera tional and it is well documented
by a large variety of examples including five different complex
electromechanical products. It guides the user through the
inventory and assessment of environmental impacts of products and
shows how various products and design solutions during product
development can be compared. The method is supported by a base of
data for the assessments of environmental impacts and is thus
designed as a tool which will make it possible for the user to
start on life cycle assessment at once. The book also guides the
user through the identification of environmental improvement
potentials in the product and the setting of environmental
specifications with in the general concept of overall commercial
optimization. The partnership between industry, authorities and
university has been highly fruitful."
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