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This book aims to popularize physics by emphasizing conceptual
ideas of physics and their interconnections, while avoiding
mathematics entirely. The approach is to explore intriguing topics
of daily relevance by asking and discussing questions: thereby the
reader can participate in developing answers, which enables a
deeper understanding than is achievable with memorization.The topic
of this book — waves — is chosen because we experience waves in
many forms every minute of our lives, from sound waves and light
waves to quantum waves and brain waves.The target readership of
this book is very broad: all those with a curious mind about nature
and with a desire to understand how nature works, especially
laymen, youngsters, secondary-school children and their teachers.
This book aims to popularize physics by emphasizing conceptual
ideas of physics and their interconnections, while avoiding
mathematics entirely. The approach is to explore intriguing topics
by asking and discussing questions, thereby the reader can
participate in developing answers, which enables a deeper
understanding than is achievable with memorization.The topic of
this volume, 'Colors, light and Optical Illusions', is chosen
because we face colors and light every waking minute of our lives,
and we experience optical illusions much more often than we
realize.This book will attract all those with a curious mind about
nature and with a desire to understand how nature works, especially
the younger generation of secondary-school children and their
teachers.
This book aims to popularize physics by emphasizing conceptual
ideas of physics and their interconnections, while avoiding
mathematics entirely. The approach is to explore intriguing topics
by asking and discussing questions, thereby the reader can
participate in developing answers, which enables a deeper
understanding than is achievable with memorization.The topic of
this volume, 'Colors, light and Optical Illusions', is chosen
because we face colors and light every waking minute of our lives,
and we experience optical illusions much more often than we
realize.This book will attract all those with a curious mind about
nature and with a desire to understand how nature works, especially
the younger generation of secondary-school children and their
teachers.
This book collects together selected papers presented at the Second
Interna- tional Conference on the Structure of Surfaces (ICSOS-II).
The conference was held at the Royal Thopical Institute in
Amsterdam, The Netherlands, June 22-25, 1987. It was held in part
to celebrate the 25th anniversary of the NEVAC (Netherlands Vacuum
Society). The International Organizing Committee members were: M.
A. Van Hove (Chairman) J. F. van der Veen (Vice-Chairman) W. F. van
der Weg (Treasurer) D. L. Adams A. M. Bradshaw M. J. Cardillo D. J.
Chadi J. E. Demuth J. Eckert G. Ertl S. Ino D. A. King B. I.
Lundqvist J. B. Pendry Y. Petroff J. R. Smith G. A. Somorjai J.
Stohr S. Y. Tong X. D. Xie The ICSOS meetings serve to assess the
status of surface structure determination and the relationship
between surface or interface structures and physical or chemical
properties of interest. The papers in this book cover: theoretical
and experimental structural techniques; structural aspects of metal
and semiconductor surfaces, including relaxations and reconstruc-
tions, as well as adsorbates and epitaxial layers; phase
transitions in two dimensions, roughening and surface melting;
defects, disorder and surface morphology. Amsterdam, Berkeley J. F.
van der Veen October 1987 M. A. Van Hove v Acknow ledgements We
wish to acknowledge the many organizations and individuals whose
contributions made possible the Second International Conference on
the Structure of Surfaces and these Proceedings.
Surface crystallography plays the same fundamental role in surface
science which bulk crystallography has played so successfully in
solid-state physics and chemistry. The atomic-scale structure is
one of the most important aspects in the understanding of the
behavior of surfaces in such widely diverse fields as heterogeneous
catalysis, microelectronics, adhesion, lubrication, cor rosion,
coatings, and solid-solid and solid-liquid interfaces. Low-Energy
Electron Diffraction or LEED has become the prime tech nique used
to determine atomic locations at surfaces. On one hand, LEED has
yielded the most numerous and complete structural results to date
(almost 200 structures), while on the other, LEED has been regarded
as the "technique to beat" by a variety of other surface
crystallographic methods, such as photoemission, SEXAFS, ion
scattering and atomic diffraction. Although these other approaches
have had impressive successes, LEED has remained the most
productive technique and has shown the most versatility of
application: from adsorbed rare gases, to reconstructed surfaces of
sem iconductors and metals, to molecules adsorbed on metals.
However, these statements should not be viewed as excessively
dogmatic since all surface sensitive techniques retain untapped
potentials that will undoubtedly be explored and exploited.
Moreover, surface science remains a multi-technique endeavor. In
particular, LEED never has been and never will be self sufficient.
LEED has evolved considerably and, in fact, has reached a
watershed."
Surface crystallography is a discipline which has come of age.
There exist in the literature several hundred complete
determinations of atomic configurations at surfaces: yet the number
is not so great that cataloguing these structures is too daunting a
task. We felt that now was the right moment to begin a compilation
that could be updated at frequent intervals to give a comprehensive
picture of the known surface world. The following pages are the
product of our labours. Our target community is the large number of
surface chemists, materials scientists, physicists and others whose
work involves surfaces. As the compilation expands with time our
hope is that it will become one of the standard reference works for
structures: in the manner that Wyckoff and other X-ray tables are
for bulk crystals. We have devoted considerable thought to the
format. The system we have chosen will no doubt have its critics,
and in subsequent editions may well be improved, but it has been
arrived at after extensive consultation. A problem that we faced in
putting structures into standard format was the diversity of
conventions used in the literature. It is to be hoped that our
system will have sufficient virtue to serve as a standard format
for future reporting of structures. That would make it much easier
for surface crystallographers to use the work of others.
This timely text covers the theory and practice of surface and
nanostructure determination by low-energy electron diffraction
(LEED) and surface X-ray diffraction (SXRD): it is the first book
on such quantitative structure analysis in over 30 years. It
provides a detailed description of the theory, including
cutting-edge developments and tested experimental methods. The
focus is on quantitative techniques, while the qualitative
interpretation of the LEED pattern without quantitative I(V)
analysis is also included. Topics covered include the future study
of nanoparticles, quasicrystals, thermal parameters, disorder and
modulations of surfaces with LEED, with introductory sections
enabling the non-specialist to follow all the concepts and
applications discussed. With numerous colour figures throughout,
this text is ideal for undergraduate and graduate students and
researchers, whether experimentalists or theorists, in the fields
of surface science, nanoscience and related technologies. It can
serve as a textbook for graduate-level courses of one or two
semesters.
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