This WERF sponsored research addresses the utility of bioassessment for managing aquatic life uses in urban and/or urbanizing catchments. Heavily urbanized catchments present a problem for facilities and water quality managers struggling to balance the socio-economic needs of urban areas with aquatic life use standards. Most standards do not recognize the limitations on achievable biological condition in urban areas. This research specifically defines a process for developing alternative biological benchmarks for aquatic life use in urban catchments. This research was conducted across three distinct climatic regions and describes a threestep process: 1) developing a primary urbanization gradient, 2) assembling an appropriate urban biological index, and 3) defining a biological potential that describes the highest biological condition currently achieved along the urban gradient. The primary urban gradient is developed using simple landscape and socio-economic measures of urbanization. Alternative urban gradients, comparable to the primary gradient, are presented that can be used as data availability and resources require. The primary biological indicator is developed using a subset of commonly collected biological metrics. Lastly, biological potential is defined using quantile regression to characterize the upper boundary on biological condition observed along the primary urban gradient. This approach establishes empirically defined and realistic aquatic life use benchmarks for urbanized catchments, and describes a process by which the aquatic life use status of waterbodies in urbanized catchments can be placed in a realistic context. Guidance on implementation is provided for WERF subscribers for their particular urban areas.

Higher education has changed significantly over the past 50 years, and the individuals who provide leadership for these institutions has similarly changed. The pathway to the college presidency, once the domain of academic administration, has diversified as an increasing number of development officers, student affairs and enrollment management professionals, and even politicians have become common in the role. It is important to understand who the presidents are in the current environment and the challenges they face. Challenges such as dealing with the COVID-19 pandemic, enrollment shortfalls, Title IX, and athletic scandals have risen to the forefront and have contributed to the issues and role of college and university leadership. The Handbook of Research on the Changing Role of College and University Leadership provides important research on the topic of college and university leadership, especially focusing on the changing role of the college president. The chapters discuss college leadership as it is now and how it will evolve into the future. Topics included are the role of the president at various types of universities, their involvement within university functions and activities, and the duties they must carry out and challenges they face. This book is ideal for professionals and researchers working in higher education, including faculty members who specialize in education, public administration, the social sciences, and management, along with teachers, administrators, teacher educators, practitioners, researchers, academicians, and students who are interested in college and university leadership and how this role is transforming.

Social demonstrations that take place on university campuses have profound effects on students as well as the environments in which those students live and learn. These demonstrations, in recent years, have taken on traditional forms such as spontaneous protests, organized marches, and organized rallies, but they have also been affected by technologically mediated strategies that can bring larger sets of students together to support shared beliefs. Exploring the Technological, Societal, and Institutional Dimensions of College Student Activism provides emerging research exploring the theoretical and practical aspects of social demonstrations on university campuses and responses from administrative professionals. Featuring coverage on a broad range of topics such as advocacy, student activism, and free speech, this book is ideally designed for university administrators, policymakers, government officials, academic leaders, researchers, and institutions seeking current research on student engagement in social demonstrations on the campuses of colleges and universities.

This exciting book provides fresh insight into how institutions, governments, regulations, economic freedom and morality impact entrepreneurship and public policy. Each chapter contains a rigorous analysis of the consequences of public policy and the effects of institutional decisions on the productivity of entrepreneurs. Expert contributors highlight the importance of institutions for economic outcomes while focusing specifically on the impact of public policy. One standout feature is the presentation of concrete examples regarding the role of institutions as well a clear analysis of entrepreneurship research. The editors also examine and compare productive versus unproductive public policies. Some of the conclusions made within this book include: Successful recruitment spending by states creates an incentive for unproductive entrepreneurs to seek economic rents Regulatory measures impact firms in a continuous and evolving fashion Economic actions and morality may converge given certain conditions More economic freedom in a given country is associated with greater levels of entrepreneurship Public Policy, Productive and Unproductive Entrepreneurship will help policymakers direct their efforts at creating a positive economic environment for entrepreneurs to flourish and give scholars a better understanding of the role policy plays in entrepreneurial activity. Its practical application for academic research will be great for students, helping them to connect theoretical economic fundamentals to real and familiar economic outcomes. Contributors include: J. Fetzner, J.C. Hall, P.G. Klein, M. Latta, R.A. Lawson, G.M. Randolph, M. Rivero, S. Roychoudhury, M.E. Ryan, R.F. Salvino, R.S. Sobel, M.T. Tasto, P.A. Yakovlev

Civic engagement initiatives and activities are crucial to the progression of modern society. By raising awareness of social issues and problems, citizens can make a greater impact and have their voices be heard. Student Activism as a Vehicle for Change on College Campuses: Emerging Research and Opportunities is a critical source of academic perspectives on contemporary activism and protests from the college student population. Including a range of pertinent topics such as discrimination, school administration, and technology-based activism, this book is ideally designed for educators, professionals, researchers, academics, and students interested in current practices of activism at higher education institutions.

This edited volume investigates America's transforming democracy as it faces the challenges and developments of the 21st century-challenges and developments that have brought deep dissatisfaction, cultural fragmentation, and economic indignation. Although political power remains in the hands of the people, a fundamental incapability to compromise has locked policymakers in a permanent stalemate. In this legislative paralysis, grassroots movements build more and more momentum amidst regular protests and civil disobedience. This new political vigor and dynamism is dualistic, portending either a future of falsehoods and authoritarianism or a more empowering and direct form of democracy. This book ultimately seeks to understand how the US government is frantically adjusting to these sharp cultural, technological, and economic changes.