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The rapid development of molecular biology and genetics has led to
renewed interest in embryology, comparative embryology, and studies
of the relations between ontogeny and phylogeny. In fact, genes
have been identified which are involved in the formation of shapes
and structures, and it is becoming apparent that their primary
morphological expressions are conspicuously similar in different
species. The primarily identical shapes do not become diversified
until advanced individualization of embryos, and it is here that it
is possible to employ the knowledge of comparative embryology, the
branch of science engaged in the study of the development and
differentiation of tridimensional structures in different animal
groups. However, comparative embryology has been neglected during
the past decades, as its development has appeared to have been
completed. In our opinion, the decreased interest in comparative
embryology has been caused by the fact that often the time factor
was not or could not be respected. In fact, in the case of embryos
of wild animals even their ontogenetic age and sometimes the
duration of intrauterine development are unknown.
Morphogeny of the nasal skull was investigated in 92 embryos of 13
species of Cetacea. Compared to the original nasal capsule of land
mammals, the nasal structures of Cetacea show many weighty
transformations. As a result, the nostrils are translocated from
the tip of the snout to the vertex of the head. Several structures
of the embryonic nasal skull remain preserved even in adult
cetaceans. The translocation of the nostrils to the highest point
of the surfacing body is among the most perfect adaptations of
cetaceans to the aquatic life habits. The morphogeny of the nasal
skull suggests that all cetaceans are of common origin and form a
single monophyletic order. The hitherto usual division of this
order into two suborders, Mysticeti and Odontoceti, appears to be
unsubstantiated. Rather, at least three closely related
superfamilies should be distinguished within the order Cetacea,
viz., Balaenopteroidea, Physeteroidea, and Delphinoidea. The
results are in a
The development of the breast-shoulder apparatus in the Marsupialia
was inves tigated and compared with the conditions in Monotremata
and Placentalia. The results were achieved by the investigation of
material comprising altogether 109 histological serial sections of
intrauterine embryos, neonates, and pouch young from 11 marsupial
species. Additionally, 54 skeletons of subadult and adult
marsupials from 25 species were included for comparison. The
embryonic states show a strong similarity to the developmental
stage of the breast-shoulder apparatus in the monotremes. In
contrast, the adult breast-shoulder apparatus generally corresponds
to that in placentals. The following elements can be observed in
the marsupial breast-shoulder apparatus during embryogenesis:
scapula, metacoracoid, procoracoid, first rib, paired sternal
elements, unpaired sternal element, and clavicle. All the elements
mentioned together form a compact, continuous arch in both the
intrauterine embryos and the neonates. In the pouch young, this
arch is reduced rather soon after birth, so that a compact
connection between the left and the right half of the body no
longer exists. All that remains is a loose connection via the
clavicle. The metacoracoid becomes the processus coracoideus
scapulae. The procoracoid becomes the praeclavium. The unpaired
sternal element fuses with the paired sternal element, generating
the uniform manubrium sterni. The first rib takes its usual
position in the thorax. In the pouch young, the breast shoulder
apparatus as a whole already shows all the typical characteristics
that can be determined in adults.
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