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The publication of this volume of The Viruses entitled The
Togaviridae and Flaviviridae comes at an appropriate time. The
structure and rep lication strategies of these viruses are now
known to be sufficiently di verse to warrant the removal of
flaviviruses from the Togaviridae family and establish them as an
independent family. Flaviviridae have a special place in the
history of virology. The prototype virus-yellow fever virus was the
first virus to be identified as the cause of a human disease. Some
of the history of this discovery is described in Chapter 1 of this
volume; in Chapter 10 the complete sequence of the RNA genome of
the virus is presented. This sequence not only defines the primary
structure of the viral proteins, it also clarifies the mechanism of
translation of the fla vivirus genome. Knowledge of the sequence of
the structural proteins of these viruses represents an important
step in the potential goal of using purified flavivirus
glycoproteins as vaccines. Many of the chapters in this volume
focus on the structure and replication of the Togaviridae. These
viruses have provided valuable models for studies in cell biology,
partic ularly with regard to the cotranslational and
posttranslational steps re quired for the synthesis and
localization of membrane glycoproteins. Fur thermore, Togaviridae
have been pivotal in our growing understanding of how enveloped
viruses enter and exit from cells. The broad outlines of the
structure and gene expression of Togavir idae and Flaviviridae are
known, but important questions remain."
All living organisms are exposed to rapidly changing environmental
conditions which may lead to external stress. How organisms cope
with stress - especially on the molecular level - is explained in
Stress Proteins. Cells react to external stress - where the
temperature-induced reaction known as "heat shock response" is the
best studied example of stress - by activating special genes and
subsequently synthesizing stress proteins. Surprisingly, this
stress response is not only similar for all types of stress but
even the involved stress proteins are virtually identical in all
organisms from prokaryotic to eukaryotic cells, from bacteria to
humans. This universality shows that stress proteins are vital for
surviving and indicates that these proteins play an essential role
in normal cell functions, in cell growth and metabolism. This
explains the great interest in stress response research.
The publication of this volume of The Viruses entitled The
Togaviridae and Flaviviridae comes at an appropriate time. The
structure and rep- lication strategies of these viruses are now
known to be sufficiently di- verse to warrant the removal of
flaviviruses from the Togaviridae family and establish them as an
independent family. Flaviviridae have a special place in the
history of virology. The prototype virus-yellow fever virus- was
the first virus to be identified as the cause of a human disease.
Some of the history of this discovery is described in Chapter 1 of
this volume; in Chapter 10 the complete sequence of the RNA genome
of the virus is presented. This sequence not only defines the
primary structure of the viral proteins, it also clarifies the
mechanism of translation of the fla- vivirus genome. Knowledge of
the sequence of the structural proteins of these viruses represents
an important step in the potential goal of using purified
flavivirus glycoproteins as vaccines. Many of the chapters in this
volume focus on the structure and replication of the Togaviridae.
These viruses have provided valuable models for studies in cell
biology, partic- ularly with regard to the cotranslational and
posttranslational steps re- quired for the synthesis and
localization of membrane glycoproteins. Fur- thermore, Togaviridae
have been pivotal in our growing understanding of how enveloped
viruses enter and exit from cells. The broad outlines of the
structure and gene expression of Togavir- idae and Flaviviridae are
known, but important questions remain.
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