This book explores Information theory (IT) tools, which have become state of the art to solve and understand better many of the problems in visualization. This book covers all relevant literature up to date. It is the first book solely devoted to this subject, written by leading experts in the field.

This is the first book that focuses entirely on the fundamental questions in visualization. Unlike other existing books in the field, it contains discussions that go far beyond individual visual representations and individual visualization algorithms. It offers a collection of investigative discourses that probe these questions from different perspectives, including concepts that help frame these questions and their potential answers, mathematical methods that underpin the scientific reasoning of these questions, empirical methods that facilitate the validation and falsification of potential answers, and case studies that stimulate hypotheses about potential answers while providing practical evidence for such hypotheses. Readers are not instructed to follow a specific theory, but their attention is brought to a broad range of schools of thoughts and different ways of investigating fundamental questions. As such, the book represents the by now most significant collective effort for gathering a large collection of discourses on the foundation of data visualization. Data visualization is a relatively young scientific discipline. Over the last three decades, a large collection of computer-supported visualization techniques have been developed, and the merits and benefits of using these techniques have been evidenced by numerous applications in practice. These technical advancements have given rise to the scientific curiosity about some fundamental questions such as why and how visualization works, when it is useful or effective and when it is not, what are the primary factors affecting its usefulness and effectiveness, and so on. This book signifies timely and exciting opportunities to answer such fundamental questions by building on the wealth of knowledge and experience accumulated in developing and deploying visualization technology in practice.

This book includes keynote presentations, invited speeches, and general session papers presented at the 7th International Symposium on Environmental Vibration and Transportation Geodynamics (formerly the International Symposium on Environmental Vibration), held from October 28 to 30, 2016 at Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China. It discusses topics such as the dynamic and cyclic behaviors of soils, dynamic interaction of vehicle and transportation infrastructure; traffic-induced structure and soil vibrations and wave propagation; soil-structure dynamic interaction problems in transportation; environmental vibration analysis and testing; vehicle, machine and human-induced vibrations; monitoring, evaluation and control of traffic induced vibrations; transportation foundation deformation and deterioration induced by vibration; structural safety and serviceability of railways, metros, roadways and bridges; and application of geosynthetics in transportation infrastructure. It is a valuable resource for government managers, scientific researchers, and engineering professionals engaged in the field of geotechnical and transportation engineering.

This book gathers selected papers presented at the 8th International Congress on Environmental Geotechnics (ICEG), held on October 28 - November 1, 2018 in Hangzhou, China. The theme of the congress is "Towards a Sustainable Geoenvironment", which means meeting the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Under this theme, the congress covers a broad range of topics and provides an excellent opportunity for academics, engineers, scientists, government officials, regulators, and planners to present, discuss and exchange notes on the latest advances and developments in the research and application of environmental geotechnics.

This book gathers selected papers presented at the 8th International Congress on Environmental Geotechnics (ICEG), held on October 28 - November 1, 2018 in Hangzhou, China. The theme of the congress is "Towards a Sustainable Geoenvironment", which means meeting the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Under this theme, the congress covers a broad range of topics and provides an excellent opportunity for academics, engineers, scientists, government officials, regulators, and planners to present, discuss and exchange notes on the latest advances and developments in the research and application of environmental geotechnics.

This book includes keynote presentations, invited speeches, and general session papers presented at the 7th International Symposium on Environmental Vibration and Transportation Geodynamics (formerly the International Symposium on Environmental Vibration), held from October 28 to 30, 2016 at Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China. It discusses topics such as the dynamic and cyclic behaviors of soils, dynamic interaction of vehicle and transportation infrastructure; traffic-induced structure and soil vibrations and wave propagation; soil-structure dynamic interaction problems in transportation; environmental vibration analysis and testing; vehicle, machine and human-induced vibrations; monitoring, evaluation and control of traffic induced vibrations; transportation foundation deformation and deterioration induced by vibration; structural safety and serviceability of railways, metros, roadways and bridges; and application of geosynthetics in transportation infrastructure. It is a valuable resource for government managers, scientific researchers, and engineering professionals engaged in the field of geotechnical and transportation engineering.

This SpringerBrief introduces key techniques for 5G wireless networks. The authors cover the development of wireless networks that led to 5G, and how 5G mobile communication technology (5G) can no longer be defined by a single business model or a typical technical characteristic. The discussed networks functions and services include Network Foundation Virtualization (N-FV), Cloud Radio Access Networks (Cloud-RAN), and Mobile Cloud Networking (MCN). The benefits of cloud platforms are examined, as are definable networking and green wireless networking. Other related and representative projects on 5G are mobile and wireless communications enablers for the Twenty-Twenty Information Society, Multi-hop Cellular Networks, Network Function as-a-Service over Virtualized Infrastructures, iJOIN, and Nuage Virtualized Services Platform. Major applications of 5G range from RAN sharing and Multi-Operator Core Networks to mobile convergence. Enhancing the user experience by providing smart and customized services, 5G will support the explosive growth of big data, mobile internet, digital media, and system efficiency. This SpringerBrief is designed for professionals, researchers, and academics working in networks or system applications. Advanced-level students of computer science or computer engineering will also find the content valuable.

This book constitutes the thoroughly refereed post conference proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Cloud Computing, CloudComp 2014, held in Guilin, China, in October 2014. The 25 revised full papers were carefully reviewed and selected from 72 submissions and cover topics such as mobile cloud computing, services, applications, IoT on cloud, architectures and big data, cloud-assisted pervasive computing and services, management and virtualization for cloud, cloud security.

This book constitutes the proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Testbeds and Research Infrastructures for the Development of Networks and Communities, TridentCom 2014, held in Guangzhou, China, in May 2014. The 49 revised full papers presented were carefully selected out of 149 submissions. The conference consisted of 6 symposia covering topics such as testbed virtualization, Internet of Things, vehicular networks, SDN, NDN, large-scale testbed federation, mobile networks, wireless networks.

Based on the seminar that took place in Dagstuhl, Germany in June 2011, this contributed monograph studies the four important topics within the scientific visualization field: uncertainty visualization, multifield visualization, biomedical visualization and scalable visualization.

Uncertainty visualization deals with uncertain data from simulations or sampled data, uncertainty due to the mathematical processes operating on the data, and uncertainty in the visual representation,
Multifield visualization addresses the need to depict multiple data at individual locations and the combination of multiple datasets,
Biomedical is a vast field with select subtopics addressed from scanning methodologies to structural applications to biological applications,
Scalability in scientific visualization is critical as data grows and computational devices range from hand-held mobile devices to exascale computational platforms.

"Scientific Visualization" will be useful to practitioners of scientific visualization, students interested in both overview and advanced topics and those interested in knowing more about the visualization process."

This Springer Brief provides a comprehensive overview of the background and recent developments of big data. The value chain of big data is divided into four phases: data generation, data acquisition, data storage and data analysis. For each phase, the book introduces the general background, discusses technical challenges and reviews the latest advances. Technologies under discussion include cloud computing, Internet of Things, data centers, Hadoop and more. The authors also explore several representative applications of big data such as enterprise management, online social networks, healthcare and medical applications, collective intelligence and smart grids. This book concludes with a thoughtful discussion of possible research directions and development trends in the field. Big Data: Related Technologies, Challenges and Future Prospects is a concise yet thorough examination of this exciting area. It is designed for researchers and professionals interested in big data or related research. Advanced-level students in computer science and electrical engineering will also find this book useful.

This book constitutes the thoroughly refereed post-conference proceedings of the First International Joint Conference on Green Communication and Networking (GreeNets 2011), held in Colmar, France, on October 5-7, 2011. The 16 revised full papers presented were carefully selected and reviewed from numerous submissions and explain the scope and challenges of designing, building, and deploying GreeNets. In this regard, the conference aims to establish a forum to bring together research professionals from diverse fields including green mobile networks, system architectures, networking & communication protocols, applications, test-bed and prototype, traffic balance and energy-efficient cooperation transmission, system and application issues related to GreenNets.

Min Chen, Arie E. Kaufman and Roni Yage/ Volume graphics is concerned with graphics scenes defined in volume data types, where a model is specified by a mass of points instead of a collection of surfaces. The underlying mathematical definition of such a model is a set of scalar fields, which define the geometrical and physical properties of every point in three dimensional space. As true 3D representations, volume data types possess more descriptive power than surface data types, and are morphologically closer to many high-level modelling schemes in traditional surface graphics such as parametric surfaces, implicit surfaces and volume sweeping. The past decade has witnessed significant advances in volume visualisation, driven mainly by applications such as medical imaging and scientific computation. The work in this field has produced a number of volume rendering methods that enable 3D information in a volumetric dataset to be selectively rendered into 2D images. With modern computer hardware, such a process can easily be performed on an ordinary workstation. More importantly, volume-based rendering offers a consistent solution to the primary deficiencies of the traditional surface-based rendering, which include its inability to encapsulate the internal description of a model, and the difficulties in rendering amorphous phenomena. The emergence of volume-based techniques has not only broadened the extent of graphics applications, but also brought computer graphics closer to other scientific and engineering disciplines, including image processing, computer vision, finite element analysis and rapid prototyping.

This book contains mainly a selection of papers that were presented at the International Workshop on High Performance Computing/or Computer Graphics and Visualisation, held in Swansea, United Kingdom on 3-4 July 1995. The workshop was sponsored by the HEFCWI Initiative on *Parallel Computing - Foundations and Applications*, and it has provided the international computer graphics community with a platform for: * assessing and reviewing the impact of the development of high performance computing on the progress of computer graphics and visualisation; * presenting the current use of high performance computing architecture and software tools in computer graphics and visualisation, and the development of parallel graphics algorithms; * identifying potential high performance computing applications in computer graphics and visualisation, and encouraging members of the graphics community to think about their problems from the perspective of parallelism. The book is divided into six sections. The first section, which acts as the introduction of the book, gives an overview of the current state of the art It contains a comprehensive survey, by Whitman, of parallel algorithms for computer graphics and visualisation; and a discussion, by Hansen, on the past, present and future high performance computing applications in computer graphics and visualisation. The second section is focused on the design and implementation of high performance architecture, software tools and algorithms for surface rendering.

This is the first book that focuses entirely on the fundamental questions in visualization. Unlike other existing books in the field, it contains discussions that go far beyond individual visual representations and individual visualization algorithms. It offers a collection of investigative discourses that probe these questions from different perspectives, including concepts that help frame these questions and their potential answers, mathematical methods that underpin the scientific reasoning of these questions, empirical methods that facilitate the validation and falsification of potential answers, and case studies that stimulate hypotheses about potential answers while providing practical evidence for such hypotheses. Readers are not instructed to follow a specific theory, but their attention is brought to a broad range of schools of thoughts and different ways of investigating fundamental questions. As such, the book represents the by now most significant collective effort for gathering a large collection of discourses on the foundation of data visualization. Data visualization is a relatively young scientific discipline. Over the last three decades, a large collection of computer-supported visualization techniques have been developed, and the merits and benefits of using these techniques have been evidenced by numerous applications in practice. These technical advancements have given rise to the scientific curiosity about some fundamental questions such as why and how visualization works, when it is useful or effective and when it is not, what are the primary factors affecting its usefulness and effectiveness, and so on. This book signifies timely and exciting opportunities to answer such fundamental questions by building on the wealth of knowledge and experience accumulated in developing and deploying visualization technology in practice.

This is the third volume of the proceedings of the 8th International Congress on Environmental Geotechnics (ICEG 2018), held on October 28 - November 1, 2018 in Hangzhou, China. The theme of the congress is "Towards a Sustainable Geoenvironment", which means meeting the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Under this theme, the congress covers a broad range of topics and provides an excellent opportunity for academics, engineers, scientists, government officials, regulators, and planners to present, discuss and exchange notes on the latest advances and developments in the research and application of environmental geotechnics.

This is the first book offering an in-depth and comprehensive IoT network simulation, supported by OPNET tool. Furthermore, the book presents the simulations of IoT in general, not limited by OPNET. The authors provide rich OPNET IoT simulation codes, with detailed explanation regarding the functionalities of the model. These codes can facilitate readers' fast implementation, and the shared model can guide readers through developing their own research. This book addresses various versions of Internet of Things (IoT), including human-centric IoT, green IoT, Narrow band IoT, Smart IoT, IoT-Cloud integration. The introduced OPNET IoT simulation provides a comprehensive platform to simulate above-mentioned IoT systems. Besides, this book introduces OPNET semi-physical simulation in detail. Based on this technology, simulated IoT and practical cloud are seamlessly connected with each other. On top of this "IoT-cloud-integration" semi-physical simulation environment, various smart IoT applications can be realized.

This is the first book offering an in-depth and comprehensive IoT network simulation, supported by OPNET tool. Furthermore, the book presents the simulations of IoT in general, not limited by OPNET. The authors provide rich OPNET IoT simulation codes, with detailed explanation regarding the functionalities of the model. These codes can facilitate readers' fast implementation, and the shared model can guide readers through developing their own research. This book addresses various versions of Internet of Things (IoT), including human-centric IoT, green IoT, Narrow band IoT, Smart IoT, IoT-Cloud integration. The introduced OPNET IoT simulation provides a comprehensive platform to simulate above-mentioned IoT systems. Besides, this book introduces OPNET semi-physical simulation in detail. Based on this technology, simulated IoT and practical cloud are seamlessly connected with each other. On top of this "IoT-cloud-integration" semi-physical simulation environment, various smart IoT applications can be realized.

This book gathers selected papers presented at the 8th International Congress on Environmental Geotechnics (ICEG), held on October 28 - November 1, 2018 in Hangzhou, China. The theme of the congress is "Towards a Sustainable Geoenvironment", which means meeting the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Under this theme, the congress covers a broad range of topics and provides an excellent opportunity for academics, engineers, scientists, government officials, regulators, and planners to present, discuss and exchange notes on the latest advances and developments in the research and application of environmental geotechnics.

This is the third volume of the proceedings of the 8th International Congress on Environmental Geotechnics (ICEG 2018), held on October 28 - November 1, 2018 in Hangzhou, China. The theme of the congress is "Towards a Sustainable Geoenvironment", which means meeting the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Under this theme, the congress covers a broad range of topics and provides an excellent opportunity for academics, engineers, scientists, government officials, regulators, and planners to present, discuss and exchange notes on the latest advances and developments in the research and application of environmental geotechnics.

This book gathers selected papers presented at the 8th International Congress on Environmental Geotechnics (ICEG), held on October 28 - November 1, 2018 in Hangzhou, China. The theme of the congress is "Towards a Sustainable Geoenvironment", which means meeting the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Under this theme, the congress covers a broad range of topics and provides an excellent opportunity for academics, engineers, scientists, government officials, regulators, and planners to present, discuss and exchange notes on the latest advances and developments in the research and application of environmental geotechnics.

This book constitutes the thoroughly refereed post conference proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Cloud Computing, Cloud Comp 2013, held in Wuhan, China, in October 2013. The 28 revised full papers were carefully reviewed and selected from numerous submissions and cover topics such as mobile cloud computing, services, applications, IoT on cloud, architectures and big data, cloud-assisted pervasive computing and services, management and virtualization for cloud, cloud security.

Info-metrics is a framework for modeling, reasoning, and drawing inferences under conditions of noisy and insufficient information. It is an interdisciplinary framework situated at the intersection of information theory, statistical inference, and decision-making under uncertainty. In Advances in Info-Metrics, Min Chen, J. Michael Dunn, Amos Golan, and Aman Ullah bring together a group of thirty experts to expand the study of info-metrics across the sciences and demonstrate how to solve problems using this interdisciplinary framework. Building on the theoretical underpinnings of info-metrics, the volume sheds new light on statistical inference, information, and general problem solving. The book explores the basis of information-theoretic inference and its mathematical and philosophical foundations. It emphasizes the interrelationship between information and inference and includes explanations of model building, theory creation, estimation, prediction, and decision making. Each of the nineteen chapters provides the necessary tools for using the info-metrics framework to solve a problem. The collection covers recent developments in the field, as well as many new cross-disciplinary case studies and examples. Designed to be accessible for researchers, graduate students, and practitioners across disciplines, this book provides a clear, hands-on experience for readers interested in solving problems when presented with incomplete and imperfect information.

It is widely recognised that photosynthesis in many important crops is well below its theoretical potential. With crop yields and stability under threat from the impact of climate change, there is now an urgent need to synthesise existing research on best practices for improving C3 photosynthesis in crops to optimise sustainable crop production and yields. Understanding and improving crop photosynthesis reviews the wealth of current research that addresses this challenge. The book explores our understanding of the general components of C3 photosynthesis, including its biochemistry, as well as the recent advances in techniques for improving photosynthesis, focussing primarily on light harvesting and optimising chloroplast function/light conversion. Through providing its readers with a comprehensive exploration of crop photosynthesis, the book showcases how farmers can utilise their understanding of the science behind this key process to optimise their yields and achieve successful crop production.