This book systematically addresses the issue of interdependence between road projects in a network, when prioritising and scheduling road expansion and maintenance. The book presents substantial applications for both rural and urban projects and to the optimization of maintenance. The authors confirm the extreme sensitivity to project timing but also show that solutions with almost equal net present values may have dissimilar work schedules. One of these may be selected on environmental or other grounds without losing road user benefits. They go on to explore and demonstrate the issues associated with the integration of evolutionary computing technique, transport modelling and cost - benefit analysis to achieve an optimal road investment timetable. Demonstrating the application of evolutionary computing technique to an exceptionally complex problem in the real business world, Cost - Benefit Analysis and Evolutionary Computing will be of great value to academics and those practitioners and researchers interested in addressing the classic issue of evaluating road expansion and maintenance programs.

This book discusses electrons and photons in and through nanostructures by the first-principles quantum mechanical theories and fundamental concepts (a unified coverage of nanostructured electronic and optical components) behind nanoelectronics and optoelectronics, the material basis, physical phenomena, device physics, as well as designs and applications. The combination of viewpoints presented in the book can help foster further research and cross-disciplinary interaction needed to surmount the barriers facing future generations of technology design.