This book focuses on corrosion and microbial corrosion, providing solutions for these problems based on nanotechnology and nanobiotechnology. It introduces the causes, consequences, cost and control of corrosion processes. It gives a particular emphasis on microbial corrosion of steel and other metals in oil, gas and shipping industries. The book presents the materials vulnerable to such kind of corrosion, and the use of nanomaterials to control it.

This book focuses on corrosion and microbial corrosion, providing solutions for these problems based on nanotechnology and nanobiotechnology. It introduces the causes, consequences, cost and control of corrosion processes. It gives a particular emphasis on microbial corrosion of steel and other metals in oil, gas and shipping industries. The book presents the materials vulnerable to such kind of corrosion, and the use of nanomaterials to control it.

This volume constitutes the proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Variable Neighborhood Search, ICVNS 2021, held in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, in March 2021.The 14 full papers presented in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from 27 submissions. The papers describe recent advances in methods and applications of variable neighborhood search. Chapter "Reduced Variable Neighbourhood Search for the Generation of Controlled Circular Data" is available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com.

Infrared remote control equipment needs to have narrow band spectral response so that its operation will not affected by visible light. Photodetectors are semiconductor devices that can detect optical signals through electronic processes. The operation of a general photodetector includes basically three processes: carrier generation by incident light, carrier transport, and extraction of carriers as terminal current to provide the output signal.

As result of globalization, new notion called the global problems has appeared such as the financial crisis, global warming, and Climate change and biodiversity affecting the whole world in general and the third world developing countries in particular resulting from the developed countries actions. One of these solutions is using the nanotechnology and the environmental materials in architecture so as to reduce energy consumption in the public buildings to reduce its heat emissions. Hence, reaching the main purpose of this study finding the best ways to reduce the carbon dioxide emissions harming the environment. Also on the private or individual level, it leads to zero carbon architecture through using nanotechnology, and nanoarchitecture. This will be done through case studies in Bibliotheca Alexandrina, it is to convert the building to be environmentally friendly and based on renewable energy and to minimize the consumption of the building for electricity generated from burning of petroleum products without influence a performance of the building and the performance of his job required him to even raise the operational efficiency and interaction with users.

Daylighting has been a part of built forms throughout architectural history. Interest in using daylighting as a major design element has varied with the social and economic forces of the time. Since 1973, interest in daylighting has increased as a result of oil embargo and the understanding that electric lighting represents a major energy consumer. Energy savings achieved through the use of daylight also translate into energy cost savings from reduced electricity consumption for lighting and cooling as well as from reduced needs during peak demand periods in many building. The objective of this paper is to explain the great importance for daylighting and the role played in design process for the building and the participation in the design from the first step which effects the designer decision for dimensions, position for the opening and the building orientation, etc... Which give the psychological comfort for building user and how to control the heat transfer throw opening by using different materials and using simulation programs which give to the designer a clear image for what will be a situation all the year around.

Leaf springs are essential elements in the suspension systems of vehicles including sport utility vehicles(SUV), trucks, and railroad vehicles. Accurate modeling of the leaf springs is essential in evaluating ride comfort, braking, NVH, and stability. The floating frame of reference formulation is employed to accurately model the leaf springs nonlinearities. Vehicle rollover may result from severe braking during lane changes, cornering, and maneuvering. The braking-induced-steering can lead to rollover instability. In this study, the dynamics of a detailed SUV model is investigated by using the model in a parametric study to examine the effect of various design configurations. To study the dynamics of very flexible leaf springs, the absolute nodal coordinate formulation (ANCF) is used. A shear-deformable beam element is developed to analyze large rotation and large deformation problems. Using the ANCF, nonlinear strain-displacement relationships are used to define the elastic forces. The beam mass matrix remains constant while the centrifugal and Coriolis forces are zero. The new ANCF beam wa used to analyze very flexible leaf springs in this investigation.

Infrared thermography is a popular technique for the non-destructive testing and evaluation of different materials and manufactured structures due to its contact-less and real-time inspection nature. Thermography has been successfully applied in many fields ranging from the aviation industry to the machine vision applications for online process control and product evaluation. Extended applications may be hindered by the difficulty associated with the automation of the thermograms analysis and the development of dedicated processing algorithms that account for the target thermal conditions. This book focuses on the development of new processing approaches for the thermographic facial and sub-facial NDT and E when applied in industrial settings. Facial applications incorporate the testing of newly coated structures, which is illustrated through two case studies. One is the automated detection of Seeds on painted car shells and the second addresses the evaluation of protective coat coverage. Sub-facial applications cover the detection and characterization of subsurface anomalies as in evaluating the kissing bond integrity in plastic welded joints; using a pulsed thermographic system.

This volume contains the proceedings of the AMS Special Session on Algebraic and Geometric Methods in Applied Discrete Mathematics, held on January 11, 2015, in San Antonio, Texas. The papers present connections between techniques from ``pure'' mathematics and various applications amenable to the analysis of discrete models, encompassing applications of combinatorics, topology, algebra, geometry, optimization, and representation theory. Papers not only present novel results, but also survey the current state of knowledge of important topics in applied discrete mathematics. Particular highlights include: a new computational framework, based on geometric combinatorics, for structure prediction from RNA sequences; a new method for approximating the optimal solution of a sum of squares problem; a survey of recent Helly-type geometric theorems; applications of representation theory to voting theory and game theory; a study of fixed points of tensors; and exponential random graph models from the perspective of algebraic statistics with applications to networks. This volume was written for those trained in areas such as algebra, topology, geometry, and combinatorics who are interested in tackling problems in fields such as biology, the social sciences, data analysis, and optimization. It may be useful not only for experts, but also for students who wish to gain an applied or interdisciplinary perspective.