Abdominal trauma may pose a significant diagnostic challenge to the trauma surgeons as well as radiologists. Clinical findings are often unreliable and have low sensitivity for diagnosis of intra-peritoneal injuries following such injuries. Ultrasound imaging is a common method of diagnosing intra-abdominal injuries. This study was conducted to determine the role of USG in detecting intra-abdominal injuries. Objective: To determine the frequency of correct findings of abdominal ultrasonography compared with CT scan in detection of solid intra-abdominal visceral injuries in patients coming to emergency radiology (ER) wing of Nishtar Hospital, Multan. Study Design: Cross sectional study. Setting: Radiology wing of Emergency Department, Nishtar Hospital Multan. Duration with Dates: Approx. five months duration from 26th August 2009 to 14th January 2010. Subjects & Methods: Patients were included in study on the basis of history and clinical examination reporting to ER of Nishtar hospital Multan with suspicion of solid visceral organ injuries (like liver, spleen, pancreas and kidneys) requiring abdominal USG evaluation.

The Thesis addresses the threat to child health in three sections. The first summarizes the health effects of children's exposure to tobacco smoke. The second address measurement issues central to action: measuring health impact, children's exposure and the economic burden of that exposure. The third turns to interventions and includes evidence of effective policies and programmes to reduce children's exposure to tobacco smoke along with a framework for designing cost-effective responses to this threat. It is intended that this report will serve as an impetus for taking strong and immediate action to ensure that children around the world can grow up in an environment where their health is not compromised by being forced to breathe other people's tobacco smoke. It is very much helpful for the developed and developing countries to look at the effects of Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) on child health and to exercise said interventions to reduce these harmful effects and eliminate children's exposure.

The text Book of "Research Methodology & Field Work Management" (RM & FWM) focuses on research methods in clinical researches. It is designed to prepare postgraduate students to evaluate published research in their area of interest and to design their own research projects. Topics to be covered include: identifying major areas of clinical & applied research, specifying criteria for evaluation of research reports, deciding on the paradigm, stating a purpose for the study, identifying the research question and hypotheses, using theory, researching/writing the literature review, designing methodology, collecting data, analyzing data, and preparing the final report.