Majority of our healthcare provider working in Emergency Department has good knowledge, attitude & practice level in standard precaution. In fact, we found that (78.4%) were compliance to standard precaution practice. There were 43 participants who did not compliance to standard precaution practice, 14 were medical officer (32.6%), 14 were assistant medical officer (32.6%), 2 were staff nurses (4.7%), 3 were assistant nurse/community nurse (7.0%) and 10 were health attendants (23.3%). Most participants gave lack of time is the main reason for poor compliance with 38.5%, followed by interfering with their work with 29.2%, lack of equipment with 21.5% and other reason such as laziness, forgotten, not comfortable with standard precaution, lack of staff and very busy (10.8%).

The early detection of acute blood loss is becoming more important for diagnostic purpose especially with the development of newer portable ultrasound device. Use of the ultrasound in the detection of acute blood loss via measuring the IVC diameter is not the standard clinical practice at the current moment. Current evidence suggests that acute blood loss can be detected early in hypovolemic patient by measuring the IVC diameter. The clinical implication of this study, IVCe was a great marker to determine the volume loss through bleeding in trauma patient. The measurement of the IVC diameter was also a reliable indicator of shock in trauma or medical hypovolemic cases and may even predict it in patients who have normal blood pressure due to sympathetic activity.