This book examines rural poverty in Bangladesh. Based on detailed empirical research and surveys of households in Bangladesh, it provides an accurate portrait of the everyday situations faced by the rural poor in Bangladesh today, covering all aspects of household behaviour. All of the key issues are explored, including health, nutrition, housing conditions, human capital, household asset and liabilities, gender issues, livelihood strategies, distribution of household income and expenditure, social capital, intergenerational mobility of the chronically poor, women's mobility, shocks and coping strategies, and vulnerability to poverty. The book focuses in particular on the poorest of the poor households, the chronically poor, seen by many in the development community to be the core of the problem of poverty. It shows that the basic characteristics of the chronically poor households in rural Bangladesh are: more heavily female-headed households, higher dependency ratio of children in demographic composition, and dominated by lower levels of assets, shorter years of schooling and limited employment opportunity. Throughout, it draws precise conclusions on the basis of quantitative data, which makes this book an important resource for policy-makers and development practitioners, as well as students and researchers.

This book examines rural poverty in Bangladesh. Based on detailed empirical research and surveys of households in Bangladesh, it provides an accurate portrait of the everyday situations faced by the rural poor in Bangladesh today, covering all aspects of household behaviour. All of the key issues are explored, including health, nutrition, housing conditions, human capital, household asset and liabilities, gender issues, livelihood strategies, distribution of household income and expenditure, social capital, intergenerational mobility of the chronically poor, women's mobility, shocks and coping strategies, and vulnerability to poverty. The book focuses in particular on the poorest of the poor households, the chronically poor, seen by many in the development community to be the core of the problem of poverty. It shows that the basic characteristics of the chronically poor households in rural Bangladesh are: more heavily female-headed households, higher dependency ratio of children in demographic composition, and dominated by lower levels of assets, shorter years of schooling and limited employment opportunity. Throughout, it draws precise conclusions on the basis of quantitative data, which makes this book an important resource for policy-makers and development practitioners, as well as students and researchers.

The study of poverty dynamics is important for effective poverty alleviation policies because the changes in income poverty are also accompanied by changes in socioeconomic factors such as literacy, gender parity in school, health care, infant mortality, and asset holdings. In order to examine the dynamics of poverty, information from 1,212 households in 32 rural villages in Bangladesh was collected in December 2004 and December 2009. This book reports the analytical results from quantitative and qualitative surveys from the same households at two points of time, which yielded the panel data for understanding the changes in situations of poverty. Efforts have been made to include the most recent research from diverse disciplines including economics, statistics, anthropology, education, health care, and vulnerability study. Specifically, findings from logistic regression analysis, polychoric principal component analysis, kernel density function, income mobility with the help of the Markov chain model, and child nutrition status from anthropometric measures have been presented. Asset holdings and liabilities of the chronically poor as well as those of three other economic groups (the descending non-poor, the ascending poor, and the non-poor) are analyzed statistically. The degrees of vulnerability to poverty are examined by years of schooling, landholding size, gender of household head, social capital, and occupation. The multiple logistic regression model was used to identify important risk factors for a household's vulnerability. In 2009, some of the basic characteristics of the chronically poor were: higher percentage and number of female-headed households, higher dependency ratio, lower levels of education, fewer years of schooling, and limited employment. There was a low degree of mobility of households from one poverty status to another in the period 2004-2009, implying that the process of economic development and high economic growth in the macroeconomy during this time failed to improve the poverty situation in rural Bangladesh.

The study of poverty dynamics is important for effective poverty alleviation policies because the changes in income poverty are also accompanied by changes in socioeconomic factors such as literacy, gender parity in school, health care, infant mortality, and asset holdings. In order to examine the dynamics of poverty, information from 1,212 households in 32 rural villages in Bangladesh was collected in December 2004 and December 2009. This book reports the analytical results from quantitative and qualitative surveys from the same households at two points of time, which yielded the panel data for understanding the changes in situations of poverty. Efforts have been made to include the most recent research from diverse disciplines including economics, statistics, anthropology, education, health care, and vulnerability study. Specifically, findings from logistic regression analysis, polychoric principal component analysis, kernel density function, income mobility with the help of the Markov chain model, and child nutrition status from anthropometric measures have been presented. Asset holdings and liabilities of the chronically poor as well as those of three other economic groups (the descending non-poor, the ascending poor, and the non-poor) are analyzed statistically. The degrees of vulnerability to poverty are examined by years of schooling, landholding size, gender of household head, social capital, and occupation. The multiple logistic regression model was used to identify important risk factors for a household's vulnerability. In 2009, some of the basic characteristics of the chronically poor were: higher percentage and number of female-headed households, higher dependency ratio, lower levels of education, fewer years of schooling, and limited employment. There was a low degree of mobility of households from one poverty status to another in the period 2004-2009, implying that the process of economic development and high economic growth in the macroeconomy during this time failed to improve the poverty situation in rural Bangladesh.

Ethanolic extract of Xanthium indicum plant was prepared and tested for its phytochemical and pharmacological investigation. Preliminary phytochemical screening showed that extracts possessed the active principles-alkaloid, carbohydrate, glycoside, flavonoid & Tannin. The extract showed antioxidant property(IC50 ==136.45 ug/mL) compare to standard (ascorbic acid, IC50 =12.16 ug/mL). The extract also shows antioxidant activity by reducing FeCl3. The extract inhibited the acetic acid induced writhing in mice (47.5% P

Bangladesh is one of the most densely populated countries in the world where women comprise almost 50% of the total population, of whom around 80 percent live in the rural areas. Most women in the rural areas are treated as vulnerable and poorest of the rural poor. In this context the women are largely involved in income generating activities to promote economic growth and social transformation. Over the last two decades a number of non government organizations (NGOs) have emerged in Bangladesh to support the rural poor women by providing them with collateral fee small loans. With that loan they encourages the micro entrepreneurship like poultry, livestock rearing, small verities shop, tea stall, hand looms, handicrafts and transport van. Women involvement in microfinance organization and their entrepreneurship activities makes them financially empowered.

Variation in language is the most common and natural phenomenon found in all languages. It is an inherent property of almost all widely used languages of the world. During the last few decades Sociolinguistics has emerged as an autonomous field of study correlating the dependent linguistic variables with independent social variables for looking into the pattern and structure in variation. Sociolinguistic research on variation not only reveals significant information about a speech community but also provides better insight into the nature of language by characterizing variation as an integral constituent of speech community. Variation in language can be found at all the levels of language and can also be seen at regional, social and ethnic levels. Linguistic hierarchy reflects social structure and social subordination in the group. This creates the ideology of domination which makes the speakers to believe that one variety of language is superior to others. This study is based on the collection of data obtained through questionnaire, interviews, etc. This work provides valuable information regarding regional, social and ethnic varieties of Urdu as spoken in North India.

Many studies have been conducted on the household expenditure pattern in Bangladesh. But only a very few of those have considered the household expenditure pattern of Santals in Bangladesh. In this study the information of income and expenditure on different item are collected by direct interview. Here an effort is made to introduce some models, which can provide the significance of relationship between the income and expenditure on different item like food and nonfood. The main objectives of the study are [1] To examine the social and anthropological aspect of Santal tribe [2] To over view the social structure and tradition of Santal tribe [3] To obtain information related to household expenditure and consumption patterns [4] To estimate the expenditure elasticity with respect to income for consumer items based on six alternative forms of equation by E. Engel.