This book provides a modern framework of different systems- social, economic, religious, and economic and their effects on the level of fertility. It focuses on "what was," "what is" and "what is likely to be" as from the narrative of modernization in relation to fertility. An attempt has been made to analyze and review the various aspects of modernization and fertility level among Indian women. The intention has not been to present a new theory on the subject, but to explain how the growing population of India becomes an obstacle in her process of development from time to time. It is not being claimed that there would be no omissions and shortcomings, however, an honest effort has been made to cover extensively all the major aspects of the system. It discusses different viewpoints and analyzed typologies developed by eminent scholars to make the book more comprehensive in scope. We hope that the students of sociology in general and of social demography in particular would find this book a handy and welcome contribution.