Semiconducting nanostructures such as nanowires (NWs) have been used as building blocks for various types of sensors, energy storage and generation devices, electronic devices and for new manufacturing methods involving printed NWs. The response of these sensing/energy/electronic components and the new fabrication methods depends very much on the quality of NWs and for this reason it is important to understand the growth mechanism of 1D semiconducting nanostructures. This is also important to understand the compatibility of NW growth steps and tools used in the process with these unconventional substrates such as plastic that are used in flexible and large area electronics. Therefore, this Element presents at length discussion about the growth mechanisms, growth conditions and the tools used for the synthesis of NWs. Although NWs from Si, ZnO and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are included, the discussion is generic and relevant to several other types of NWs as well as heterostructures.

Like many other issues the third world countries also facing a serious problem of unavailability of quality food. The issue can be addressed by finding out the cost effective food sources that can be achieved from minimum inputs. The present work is important in the sense it is an effort to find out the effect of varying stocking density of Cirrhinus mrigala and Cyprinus carpio on pond nutrient dynamics in polyculture system.

Development of high yielded genotypes more demand to fill the gap between increasing population and mungbean pulses production. Vigna radiata is an economically important legume crop of Pakistan/World. Due to narrow genetic variability, conventional breeding methods are not contributing much to the improvement of this crop. Mutation breeding techniques have been proved useful in obtaining novel traits and creating genetic variability for yield improvement and quality traitsin. The estimated results were concluded that emergence rate and plant height at first pod maturity had positive direct effect on seed yield per plant followed branch per plant, pod length and seeds per pod while plant height at 90%, pod maturity, clusters per plant, pods per plant and seeds per pod had negative direct effects on seed yield per plant, so by improving these traits we can improve the yield in mungbean. Maximum seed yield per plant was produced by AUM-18 at dose level D1 while it was observed minimum for AUM-19 at D3.

Binary compound semiconductor of (CdS) and copper doped (CdS: Cu) thin films have been deposited onto glass substrates at substrate temperature (T =653 K) by spray technique. Different doped films were prepared using different concentrations of Cu (0.1-2%). The effect of copper doping on some physical properties of the prepared films of thickness (0.9 0.05 um) was investigated. The structural, optical and electrical properties of the films have been studied using X-ray diffraction, optical transmission spectra and electrical conductivity respectively. These properties were found to be strongly dependent on the doping concentration. The polycrystalline films with a hexagonal structure for undoped and a mixed (hexagonal+cubic) structure for doped films have been obtained. The optical band gap of these films was found to be decreased from 2.451 to 2.410 eV with increase Cu concentration. The electrical conductivity of these films was found to be decreased initially with increasing Cu concentration, while it started to increase for doping values over 1% of Cu, and a conversion of the conductivity type of the films (from n-type to p-type) was observed at doping level above 1%.

There are many motivational problems related to the non-pure fields extension corresponding to the algebraic numbers (1+(r) DEGREES(1/n)) DEGREES(1/m), where m and n are positive integers. Here we take the extended field K over the field of rational numbers Q of degree n correspond to the inner nth root of the algebraic number and then the relative extension of degree m is taken over field K. If we interchange these nth and mth root then the whole structure and the resulting Hasse diagram change completely. In chapter 4 We have posed an open problem for the non-pure sextic field whose Galois closure is of extension degree 36. Since there are 14 groups of order 36 out of which four are abelian and ten are non-abelian and our group of automorphism is non-abelian so it is one of the ten. We had not only found this group but also create the correspondence between the Hasse diagram of subfields of Galois closure and the subgroups of group of aut

This book is designed for use by wastewater professionals and researchers. This book is divided in different sections. First of all the introduction of Textile effluents and pollution related to this is given, which highlights importance of wastewater treatment plant. Then process selection through the extensive literature survey is being presented and process description in step by step fashion to understand the basic operations taking place in the plant. Material balance and Energy balance is presented in the next chapters. In preceding chapters introduction to different equipments of plant along with their designing procedure and specification sheets are presented. Hazop study, Instrumentation & control, Environmental impacts and Cost Estimation for this plant are also included in this book. A Professional advisory committee evaluated material and approved as a professionally sound work. The committee is composed of licensed engineers, a Microbiologist and wastewater experts. They have read and commented on all of the chapters. In addition, in each chapter, appropriate design criteria from the different books and alternative approaches from the literature are addressed.

Thousands of years ago, people from east to south Asia settled throughout river deltas and domesticated wild rice and now it is the staple food for seventeen countries in Asia and the pacific, countries in Africa, seven countries in Latin, America and Caribbean and one is the near east.Rice is the life-line of Asia. More than 90% of the world's rice crop is produced here. Paddling is done in rice for easier transplanting and to reduce water infiltration. It destroys the soil physical structure, which has implications for the following wheat crop. Direct seeding is pretty alternative to transplanting but there are certain constraints facing to adopt this methodology. Weeds and rice emerge the same time and this causes a shift in weed flora towards predominantly grass-weeds. Germination is a problem for direct seeding in Rice. Seed priming can increase the speed and uniformity of germination when the seeds are subsequently planted. Osmopriming is a special type of seed priming that has been used to describe the soaking of seeds in aerated low water potential solutions.It has been successfully introduced in cereals including rice.

Judicious use of fertilizer is a serious feature in allowing crops to recognize their full yield potential. It is an unfriendly and expensive practice to use chemicals against vector. The resistance of plants to diseases is mainly related to genetics. However, the ability of the plant to express its induced resistance to a particular disease is affected by mineral nutrition. Nutrient elements either single or combined application of boron with zinc had significant effect in reducing viral diseases in winter mungbean. It appears that resistance or tolerance of plant is metabolically boosted up by the application of nutrients. Use of resistant crop varieties is regarded as an economical and durable method for controlling plant diseases especially those caused by viruses. Epidemiological factors play an ideal role in the development of ULCV.