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Semiconducting nanostructures such as nanowires (NWs) have been
used as building blocks for various types of sensors, energy
storage and generation devices, electronic devices and for new
manufacturing methods involving printed NWs. The response of these
sensing/energy/electronic components and the new fabrication
methods depends very much on the quality of NWs and for this reason
it is important to understand the growth mechanism of 1D
semiconducting nanostructures. This is also important to understand
the compatibility of NW growth steps and tools used in the process
with these unconventional substrates such as plastic that are used
in flexible and large area electronics. Therefore, this Element
presents at length discussion about the growth mechanisms, growth
conditions and the tools used for the synthesis of NWs. Although
NWs from Si, ZnO and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are included, the
discussion is generic and relevant to several other types of NWs as
well as heterostructures.
Like many other issues the third world countries also facing a
serious problem of unavailability of quality food. The issue can be
addressed by finding out the cost effective food sources that can
be achieved from minimum inputs. The present work is important in
the sense it is an effort to find out the effect of varying
stocking density of Cirrhinus mrigala and Cyprinus carpio on pond
nutrient dynamics in polyculture system.
Development of high yielded genotypes more demand to fill the gap
between increasing population and mungbean pulses production. Vigna
radiata is an economically important legume crop of Pakistan/World.
Due to narrow genetic variability, conventional breeding methods
are not contributing much to the improvement of this crop. Mutation
breeding techniques have been proved useful in obtaining novel
traits and creating genetic variability for yield improvement and
quality traitsin. The estimated results were concluded that
emergence rate and plant height at first pod maturity had positive
direct effect on seed yield per plant followed branch per plant,
pod length and seeds per pod while plant height at 90%, pod
maturity, clusters per plant, pods per plant and seeds per pod had
negative direct effects on seed yield per plant, so by improving
these traits we can improve the yield in mungbean. Maximum seed
yield per plant was produced by AUM-18 at dose level D1 while it
was observed minimum for AUM-19 at D3.
Binary compound semiconductor of (CdS) and copper doped (CdS: Cu)
thin films have been deposited onto glass substrates at substrate
temperature (T =653 K) by spray technique. Different doped films
were prepared using different concentrations of Cu (0.1-2%). The
effect of copper doping on some physical properties of the prepared
films of thickness (0.9 0.05 um) was investigated. The structural,
optical and electrical properties of the films have been studied
using X-ray diffraction, optical transmission spectra and
electrical conductivity respectively. These properties were found
to be strongly dependent on the doping concentration. The
polycrystalline films with a hexagonal structure for undoped and a
mixed (hexagonal+cubic) structure for doped films have been
obtained. The optical band gap of these films was found to be
decreased from 2.451 to 2.410 eV with increase Cu concentration.
The electrical conductivity of these films was found to be
decreased initially with increasing Cu concentration, while it
started to increase for doping values over 1% of Cu, and a
conversion of the conductivity type of the films (from n-type to
p-type) was observed at doping level above 1%.
There are many motivational problems related to the non-pure fields
extension corresponding to the algebraic numbers (1+(r)
DEGREES(1/n)) DEGREES(1/m), where m and n are positive integers.
Here we take the extended field K over the field of rational
numbers Q of degree n correspond to the inner nth root of the
algebraic number and then the relative extension of degree m is
taken over field K. If we interchange these nth and mth root then
the whole structure and the resulting Hasse diagram change
completely. In chapter 4 We have posed an open problem for the
non-pure sextic field whose Galois closure is of extension degree
36. Since there are 14 groups of order 36 out of which four are
abelian and ten are non-abelian and our group of automorphism is
non-abelian so it is one of the ten. We had not only found this
group but also create the correspondence between the Hasse diagram
of subfields of Galois closure and the subgroups of group of aut
Himalayan region is the largest mountain range in Asia, extending
from Afghanistan to Bhutan.With unique biodiversity this region has
uncountable plant species not fully explored.Plants found here are
used for centuries for medicinal purposes.Area is mountainous,
lacks proper medical facilities, people use plant remedies for
treatment of diseases, Wounds are common in these areas, people use
different parts of plants for treatment of the
This book is designed for use by wastewater professionals and
researchers. This book is divided in different sections. First of
all the introduction of Textile effluents and pollution related to
this is given, which highlights importance of wastewater treatment
plant. Then process selection through the extensive literature
survey is being presented and process description in step by step
fashion to understand the basic operations taking place in the
plant. Material balance and Energy balance is presented in the next
chapters. In preceding chapters introduction to different
equipments of plant along with their designing procedure and
specification sheets are presented. Hazop study, Instrumentation
& control, Environmental impacts and Cost Estimation for this
plant are also included in this book. A Professional advisory
committee evaluated material and approved as a professionally sound
work. The committee is composed of licensed engineers, a
Microbiologist and wastewater experts. They have read and commented
on all of the chapters. In addition, in each chapter, appropriate
design criteria from the different books and alternative approaches
from the literature are addressed.
Thousands of years ago, people from east to south Asia settled
throughout river deltas and domesticated wild rice and now it is
the staple food for seventeen countries in Asia and the pacific,
countries in Africa, seven countries in Latin, America and
Caribbean and one is the near east.Rice is the life-line of Asia.
More than 90% of the world's rice crop is produced here. Paddling
is done in rice for easier transplanting and to reduce water
infiltration. It destroys the soil physical structure, which has
implications for the following wheat crop. Direct seeding is pretty
alternative to transplanting but there are certain constraints
facing to adopt this methodology. Weeds and rice emerge the same
time and this causes a shift in weed flora towards predominantly
grass-weeds. Germination is a problem for direct seeding in Rice.
Seed priming can increase the speed and uniformity of germination
when the seeds are subsequently planted. Osmopriming is a special
type of seed priming that has been used to describe the soaking of
seeds in aerated low water potential solutions.It has been
successfully introduced in cereals including rice.
Judicious use of fertilizer is a serious feature in allowing crops
to recognize their full yield potential. It is an unfriendly and
expensive practice to use chemicals against vector. The resistance
of plants to diseases is mainly related to genetics. However, the
ability of the plant to express its induced resistance to a
particular disease is affected by mineral nutrition. Nutrient
elements either single or combined application of boron with zinc
had significant effect in reducing viral diseases in winter
mungbean. It appears that resistance or tolerance of plant is
metabolically boosted up by the application of nutrients. Use of
resistant crop varieties is regarded as an economical and durable
method for controlling plant diseases especially those caused by
viruses. Epidemiological factors play an ideal role in the
development of ULCV.
While studies specifying generic integration architectures are
abundant, little or no studies are dedicated for applications
performance over such heterogeneous networks. The purpose of this
research is to evaluate the performance of integrated UMTS and WLAN
network by using two types of standard integrated models proposed
by 3GPP, open coupling and loose coupling together with network
layer mobility management scheme such as Mobile IP.In this research
we calculate the different application's traffic our concluded
results shows that page response time is smaller for loose coupling
scheme as compare to open coupling scheme although difference is
not so much wide, pageresponse time increases with the passage of
time because number of users increases as the time passes. Same is
In case for FTP, download response time for FTP is smaller in case
of loose coupling scheme. We have also calculated the WLAN
performance parameters (delay and throughput) and UMTS downlink
traffic sent and received. We have discussed in detail architecture
and functionalities of UMTS and WLAN, mobile IP, standard
interworked UMTS and WLAN models proposed by 3GPP.
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