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With an ever-increasing demand for more food supply, agricultural
scientists will have to search for new ways and technologies to
promote food production. In recent decades, plant growth regulators
(PGRs) have made great strides in promoting plant growth and
development. PGRs are organic compounds which have the ability to
dramatically affect physiological plant processes when present in
extremely low concentrations (in the range of micro-to picograms).
Although all higher plants have the ability to synthesize PGRs
endogenously, they do respond to the exogenous sources most likely
due to not having the capacity to synthesize sufficient endogenous
phytohormones for optimal growth and development under given
climatic and environmental conditions. In recent years, PGRs have
established their position as a new generation of agrochemicals
after pesticides, insecticides and herbicides. Interest in the
commercial use of PGRs for improving plant growth and crop yields
is also increasing because of their non-polluting nature. The use
of PGRs in the post-harvest technology is well established and many
new breakthroughs have recently been revealed.
The valuable characteristics of animal waste materials in terms of
climatic change impact and bioenergy production are discussed in
this book. Reutilization of such wastes for bioenergy harvest is
the prime focus; the great need for future animal waste recycling
is also depicted. Major topics discussed are types of livestock
waste â poultry and dairy, methods and management of waste
utilization and storage, application of animal waste in bioenergy
production, economics of waste utilization, novel disposable
techniques, circular bioeconomy, pollution, and water quality.
Furthermore, utilization of animal waste for resource conservation
and environmental protection is discussed, such as potential
materials for green biochemicals. Resource recovery can, therefore,
forestall the shortage of natural resources and, at the same time,
can greatly reduce waste-disposal problems and energy crises. Many
alternatives to waste disposal, either currently available or under
study, focus on the recovery of material or energy. In a world of
diminishing resources and increasing needs, each opportunity for
the recycling of animal waste materials has been examined. This
book significantly contributes toward climate change mitigation
through better environmental solutions. A better understanding of
animal waste recycling to mitigate climate changes has been
portrayed in order to generate discussions among researchers and
administrators. Environmental implications of animal waste are of
prime importance in climate change scenario. Such wastes also
harbor zoonotic pathogens that are transported in the environment.
Finally, it has been tried out to collect ideas and experience in
multiple aspects of animal waste management for climate change
mitigation and bioenergy harvest. Â
With an ever-increasing demand for more food supply, agricultural
scientists will have to search for new ways and technologies to
promote food production. In recent decades, plant growth regulators
(PGRs) have made great strides in promoting plant growth and
development. PGRs are organic compounds which have the ability to
dramatically affect physiological plant processes when present in
extremely low concentrations (in the range of micro-to picograms).
Although all higher plants have the ability to synthesize PGRs
endogenously, they do respond to the exogenous sources most likely
due to not having the capacity to synthesize sufficient endogenous
phytohormones for optimal growth and development under given
climatic and environmental conditions. In recent years, PGRs have
established their position as a new generation of agrochemicals
after pesticides, insecticides and herbicides. Interest in the
commercial use of PGRs for improving plant growth and crop yields
is also increasing because of their non-polluting nature. The use
of PGRs in the post-harvest technology is well established and many
new breakthroughs have recently been revealed.
Neem is the common name given to the different species of large,
evergreen, glabrous shady trees, grown in semi-arid regions of the
world. In Pakistan and India the common neem tree, also popularly
known as Margosa is Azadirachata indica A. Juss. Neem products
isolated from the neem tree were nimbinin, nimbin and nimbidin.
Siddiqui (1942) was the first scientist to isolate and purify the
neem constituents of its extract. In the present study, effects of
Cypermethrin and two crude ethanolic neem extract RB-a and RB-b on
the activity of enzymes (GOT, GPT, LDH and cholinesterase) against
the 3rd instar larvae of Aedes aegypti. Based on present study
results, it was concluded that the neem extract RB-a and RB-b is a
moderately toxic substance that shows the toxic effects and
morality at high concentrations. Basically it is an IGR that does
not kill the insect directly by its poisoning effect rather kill
them by interfering the physiological activities. The research
techniques and information are helpful for graduate and research
students of Biological Sciences and Environmental toxicology.
Calcium carbide releases acetylene gas upon its reaction with water
that is further converted to ethylene in soil due to microbial
reduction. Acetylene inhibits the activity of ammonia-oxidizing
enzymes involved in the nitrification process, thus resulting in
the inhibition of nitrification and denitrification processes and
increase in the nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency. A series of
studies were conducted with collaboration of Higher Education
Commission (HEC), Pakistan during 2008-2011. The outcomes of these
studies demonstrated the improvement in growth and yield of
vegetable crops through bi-facet action of calcium carbide i.e. as
a source of plant hormone, Ethylene as well as nitrification
inhibitor, Acetylene. Any formulation of Calcium carbide which
leads to slow and gradual release of ethylene and acetylene gases
in soil could be useful in improving the nutrient use efficiency as
well as growth and yields of vegetables.
Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is one of the main cash crops of
Pakistan. It has played a significant role in industrial
development and employment generation. It is known as backbone of
Pakistan s economy. Its impact on the economic development of the
country is well established and it is rightly known as silver fiber
of Pakistan. It occupies the 2nd position with respect to
cultivated area in the country. During 2007-08 the cotton
production was 12 million bales from an area of 3.05 million ha
(Anonymous, 2008). Chemical fertilizers which have nutrients
available, can provide sufficient nutrients to the crops, but their
cost and constrains frequently deter farmers from using them in
recommended quantities and balanced proportions. Moreover, limited
availability of chemical fertilizers and their high cost are making
their use difficult for the farmers. No doubt, use of chemical
fertilizer provides essential nutrients for crop improvement to
obtain higher yields; however, data of recent years reflect that
the crop yields in Pakistan are almost stagnant. This situation
warrants the use of organic sources of nutrients.
This study was conducted to investigate the influence of ACC
deaminase rhizobacteria on the ACC-induced classical "triple"
response in etiolated pea seedlings. Etiolated pea seedlings were
exposed to different concentrations of ACC (0, 2, through 10 mmol
L-1), in 100 ml glass beakers placed in airtight mason jars wrapped
in green foil and incubated under dark for seven days. In another
study pea seedlings were inoculated with five strains of
rhizobacteria which vary in their ACC-deaminase activity. These
inoculated pea seedlings were exposed to 10 mmol L-1 ACC and
incubated in the darkness at 25 3 C. Results revealed that
exogenous application of ACC had a concentration-dependent effect
in creating classical "triple" response in etiolated pea seedlings.
Our study concludes that the inoculation with rhizobacteria
containing ACC deaminase could be used to decrease ACC which
produces due to a variety of biotic and abiotic stresses in plants.
The presence of an increasing number of mobile devices has prompted
the demand to use them for information dispersion through
opportunistic networks, which they form coincidently due to their
geographic location. Opportunistic networks pose several new
challenges to the current transmission protocols as they are not
only capable of store and forward routing, but also lack the
offline routing capability, i.e. source and destination must be
connected to the network simultaneously. We can find several
opportunistic network protocols in literature, but neither a solid
comparison nor a trusted baseline has been presented. In this book,
we have analyzed and evaluated eight existing routing algorithms on
a common basis in an effort to grasp the strong and weak points of
each of them and to see whether it is possible to design a hybrid
technique that may take advantage of the strengths of several other
techniques.
Vultures can be regarded as a natural resource, like air and water
which provide society with a number of services most probably the
disposal of carrion, especially livestock carcasses. These services
have an impact on human health, economic activity and on
environmental quality. In 1980s, vultures were so abundant around
human settlements and Gyps bengalensis was regarded as possibly the
most abundant large bird of prey in the world. Populations of three
Gyps species (G. bengalensis, G. indicus and G. tenuirostris) have
dramatically declined within the past 10 years and have recently
been listed as critically endangered by the World Conservation
Union. Despite a long history of inquiry into the biology as well
as phylogenetic studies of the Gyps vultures, only little is known
about the genetic studies of this genus. In the present study,
samples from four Gyps species (Gyps indicus, G. africanus, G.
bengalensis and G. fulvus) were analyzed using microsatellites in
order to determine the genetic structure and diversity among Gyps
species populations.
Faisalabad is known as a city of textile not only in Pakistan but
also all over the world. Several textile processing units are in
operation in the surroundings of the city, which are releasing a
substantial amount of azo dyes into the wastewater streams in the
surroundings of these textile units.The discharge of these
contaminants is considered to be a potential threat to the
environment because of their hazardous nature. Thus, this study was
undertaken to isolate the bacteria possessing high potential to
degrade azo dyes from the wastewater discharged by the textile
units. A total of 150 bacterial strains were isolated from these
wastewater samples using minimal salt medium spiked with Reactive
Blue ZBLN azo dye. Results revealed that some bacterial strains
were able to decolorize 8 different dyes almost within 6 hours.
Thus, the isolated bacterial strains have the potential to remove a
variety of dyes from the liquid culture, which could be used to
develop a biotreatment strategy for cleanup of the industrial
wastewater prior to their discharge into wastewater streams of the
surrounding area.
Water availability for sustainable agriculture is becoming
extremely critical factor with passage of time. There is dire need
to enhance water use efficiency in crops so that higher crop yields
could be obtained from limited sources of water. A series of
experiments conducted during last several years under field
conditions to assess the effectiveness of novel bacteria having
ACC-deaminase enzyme for improving growth and yield of cereals.
After intensive screening of bacteria, we have successfully
isolated a few bacterial strains containing ACC-deaminase enzyme
which showed tremendous potential to promote growth and yield of
cereals under water deficit stress conditions.
Phosphorus plays an important role in a number of processes in
plants, especially in photosynthesis, carbon metabolism, membrane
formation, energy generation, glycolysis, respiration and nitrogen
fixation. Although total P in the soils are high but their
availability to plants is too low to meet the requirements so
viable strategies are needed to solublized the inorganic P and to
use the RP (insoluble source of P) to decrease the dependence on
costly chemical fertilizers in crop production . For the
transformation of insoluble phosphorus (PR) to soluble form,
composting technology would serve as breakthrough and provided
optimal conditions. The objective of the study was to optimize the
compost: RP ratio, time and temperature conditions for maximum
solublization of P by composting. This study was undertaken to
evaluate the potential of composting technology to solublize the
rock phosphate in soil and also to develop optimum conditions for
better release of available P for growth and development of crop
plants.
A pot experiment was conducted to study the comparative
effectiveness of rhizobacteria containing either ACC-deaminase
and/or nitrogen fixing activity for promoting growth of tomato
(Lycopersicon esculantum Mill) in pot trial. Isolation of
rhizobacteria containing ACC- deaminase and/or nitrogen fixing
ability was done by dilution plate technique. Characterization of
selected isolates like root colonization, ACC-deaminase activity
and indole acetic acid production was done. Seeds of tomato were
inoculated with broth of selected isolates. Hoagland nutrient
solution was used to provide nutrition. The results showed that
rhizobacteria containing both ACC-deaminase and nitrogen fixing
activity were more effective than rhizobacteria containing either
ACC-deaminase or nitrogen fixing activity alone for growth
promotion of tomato under controlled condition.
Salinity is one of the major constraints, whichhamper agricultural
production. The higherconcentration of salts in root zone may
stimulateendogenous ethylene biosynthesis in roots,
whichconsequently inhibits its growth. One of the majormechanism
utilized by plant growth promotingrhizobacteria (PGPR) to
facilitate plant growth anddevelopment is the lowering of ethylene
levels in theplant roots by deamination
of1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), theimmediate
precursor of ethylene in plants. In thegiven study, three
pre-isolated bacterial strainshaving ACC deaminase activity were
used forinoculation of wheat seeds. Inoculated seeds weresown in
salt affected field, fertilized with NPK@120-100-60 kg ha-1,
respectively. Data regardingvarious growth parameters and yield
parameters wasrecorded at the time of harvesting and
statisticallyanalyzed. From data it was concluded that plantgrowth
promoting rhizobacteria containingACC-deaminase activity can
enhance the growth andyield of wheat under salinity stress field
conditionsand the strain ACC10 performs the best.
A plant nutrition requirement and management is becoming the most
burning issue in agro-industry. soil hosts for different microbes
which has the potential to convert the inorganic form of nutrients
to plant usable organic form. Artifical induction of microbes helps
the plants to combat different stresses. Wate materials contains
clossal amount of organic and inorganic nutrients which can be used
by plants after processing (compost). The objective of this
research to combat water stress by using compost and ACC-Deaminase
technology
The canal irrigation system in the Indus Basin is facing a number
of operational problems resulting in very high degree of losses of
water during conveyance as well as during the application of
irrigation to crops. These water losses on one hand result in
constrained water supplies of canal water but on the other hand
provide a source of recharge to the Indus Basin aquifer. Because of
increasing scarcity of surface water resources, minimization of
recharge through lining is one of the alternatives. Consequently,
lining of different components would influence the recharge
potential differently. In order to respond to the question of
recharge contribution from irrigation conveyance system components,
this study was carried out to measure and assess the recharge
contribution from canals and distributaries through field
investigations and computer simulation techniques, to evaluate the
recharge contribution from watercourses and fields (tertiary
irrigation system) using field investigation techniques and to
compare the contribution of watercourse system to the recharge
potential under lined and unlined options.
The undertaken project includes the survey and experimentations.
The survey study was conducted to know the farmers' perception of
insect pests and pest management practices in Bt cotton in Punjab,
Pakistan. The experimentations were consisted the field and
laboratory experiments. The field experiments were conducted to
determine the impact of transgenic Bt cotton on the target and
non-target insect community in replicated field trials under
sprayed and unsprayed conditions, in comparisons with its parent
non-Bt conventional cotton. The laboratory experiments were
conducted to evaluate the impact of Bt toxin on the biological
traits (larval mortality, larval development time and pupal weight)
of Helicoverpa armigera and Spodoptera exigua by feeding larvae on
the leaves and flower- bolls of Bt and non-Bt cotton. The studies
highlight that researchers, technology providers and administrators
should ensure the effective and highest level of Bt toxin
expression in appropriate plant parts at the requisite time,
particularly late in the season.
This study enhances the capacity of policy makers regarding FDI
policies for attractiveness in South Asia. This study highlights
the importance of political risk and policy uncertainties regarding
the FDI inflows. The political risk and sustainable policy is
essential for FDI inflows, in addition to fiscal incentives. This
study recommended the importance of political factors and
macro-economic factors in consideration the issues of FDI
attraction for policy makers in South Asia.
The GSM is the most widely used technology around the world. This
project provides a better methodology for solving the two major
practical problems that are usually encountered in GSM base
transceiver stations (BTS). These problems are the drifting of
microwave antenna forms its actual location and gaps in the
coverage of transceivers. The project is designed so that to
provide a remote and quick control of machinery and to accurately
remove the fault. The system will call to the given number about
the fault, and then by dialling code we can make possible our
required task. All the knowledge for this project is collected from
web resources. As a result of implementation of this system we
believe it will save time, money and also make comfort for the
operators
This study examines the long-run relationship between Pak-rupee
vis--vis US-dollar exchange rate, relative money supplies, real
income, nominal interest rates, and real exchange rate over the
period 1982Q2 to 2005Q4. The presence of cointegration between
exchange rate, monetary fundamentals and relative real prices
implies that monetary fundamentals and real factors play a
significant role in determining the exchange rate. The results also
ssuggestthat monetary fundamentals are still important in
determining the exchange rate dynamics. Furthermore, during the
reforms period the results of the monetary model appear to be
highly consistent with the predictions of monetary model and
short-run behaviour of monetary fundamentals is highly responsive.
Based on the empirical findings, we derived two main conclusions:
the monetary approach to exchange rate is still a valid
representation in the determination of long-run exchange rates
behaviour. Second, besides the monetary factors, real factors play
a significant role in the determination of exchange rate in
Pakistan.
Abstract Psychological effects of breast cancer during treatment
were evaluated. For this purpose primary and secondary data was
record from Bahawalpur Institute of Nuclear Medicines and Oncology
(BINO). The data regarding the psychological effects of breast
cancer (Primary data) was recorded from the patients who visited
the BINO for the treatment of breast cancer. In this regard 200
patients (100 during treatment + 100 after treatment) were
evaluated through a questionnaire which was developed with the help
of Psychologists and Staticians. The results of the present study
concluded that the patients involved in CA breast cancer undergo
several psychological effects. During the treatment of CA breast,
patients psychological treatment is must to boost the self esteem
and courage of the patient to fight against the disease.
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