With an ever-increasing demand for more food supply, agricultural scientists will have to search for new ways and technologies to promote food production. In recent decades, plant growth regulators (PGRs) have made great strides in promoting plant growth and development. PGRs are organic compounds which have the ability to dramatically affect physiological plant processes when present in extremely low concentrations (in the range of micro-to picograms). Although all higher plants have the ability to synthesize PGRs endogenously, they do respond to the exogenous sources most likely due to not having the capacity to synthesize sufficient endogenous phytohormones for optimal growth and development under given climatic and environmental conditions. In recent years, PGRs have established their position as a new generation of agrochemicals after pesticides, insecticides and herbicides. Interest in the commercial use of PGRs for improving plant growth and crop yields is also increasing because of their non-polluting nature. The use of PGRs in the post-harvest technology is well established and many new breakthroughs have recently been revealed.

With an ever-increasing demand for more food supply, agricultural scientists will have to search for new ways and technologies to promote food production. In recent decades, plant growth regulators (PGRs) have made great strides in promoting plant growth and development. PGRs are organic compounds which have the ability to dramatically affect physiological plant processes when present in extremely low concentrations (in the range of micro-to picograms). Although all higher plants have the ability to synthesize PGRs endogenously, they do respond to the exogenous sources most likely due to not having the capacity to synthesize sufficient endogenous phytohormones for optimal growth and development under given climatic and environmental conditions. In recent years, PGRs have established their position as a new generation of agrochemicals after pesticides, insecticides and herbicides. Interest in the commercial use of PGRs for improving plant growth and crop yields is also increasing because of their non-polluting nature. The use of PGRs in the post-harvest technology is well established and many new breakthroughs have recently been revealed.

The valuable characteristics of animal waste materials in terms of climatic change impact and bioenergy production are discussed in this book. Reutilization of such wastes for bioenergy harvest is the prime focus; the great need for future animal waste recycling is also depicted. Major topics discussed are types of livestock waste – poultry and dairy, methods and management of waste utilization and storage, application of animal waste in bioenergy production, economics of waste utilization, novel disposable techniques, circular bioeconomy, pollution, and water quality. Furthermore, utilization of animal waste for resource conservation and environmental protection is discussed, such as potential materials for green biochemicals. Resource recovery can, therefore, forestall the shortage of natural resources and, at the same time, can greatly reduce waste-disposal problems and energy crises. Many alternatives to waste disposal, either currently available or under study, focus on the recovery of material or energy. In a world of diminishing resources and increasing needs, each opportunity for the recycling of animal waste materials has been examined. This book significantly contributes toward climate change mitigation through better environmental solutions. A better understanding of animal waste recycling to mitigate climate changes has been portrayed in order to generate discussions among researchers and administrators. Environmental implications of animal waste are of prime importance in climate change scenario. Such wastes also harbor zoonotic pathogens that are transported in the environment. Finally, it has been tried out to collect ideas and experience in multiple aspects of animal waste management for climate change mitigation and bioenergy harvest.  

Neem is the common name given to the different species of large, evergreen, glabrous shady trees, grown in semi-arid regions of the world. In Pakistan and India the common neem tree, also popularly known as Margosa is Azadirachata indica A. Juss. Neem products isolated from the neem tree were nimbinin, nimbin and nimbidin. Siddiqui (1942) was the first scientist to isolate and purify the neem constituents of its extract. In the present study, effects of Cypermethrin and two crude ethanolic neem extract RB-a and RB-b on the activity of enzymes (GOT, GPT, LDH and cholinesterase) against the 3rd instar larvae of Aedes aegypti. Based on present study results, it was concluded that the neem extract RB-a and RB-b is a moderately toxic substance that shows the toxic effects and morality at high concentrations. Basically it is an IGR that does not kill the insect directly by its poisoning effect rather kill them by interfering the physiological activities. The research techniques and information are helpful for graduate and research students of Biological Sciences and Environmental toxicology.

Calcium carbide releases acetylene gas upon its reaction with water that is further converted to ethylene in soil due to microbial reduction. Acetylene inhibits the activity of ammonia-oxidizing enzymes involved in the nitrification process, thus resulting in the inhibition of nitrification and denitrification processes and increase in the nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency. A series of studies were conducted with collaboration of Higher Education Commission (HEC), Pakistan during 2008-2011. The outcomes of these studies demonstrated the improvement in growth and yield of vegetable crops through bi-facet action of calcium carbide i.e. as a source of plant hormone, Ethylene as well as nitrification inhibitor, Acetylene. Any formulation of Calcium carbide which leads to slow and gradual release of ethylene and acetylene gases in soil could be useful in improving the nutrient use efficiency as well as growth and yields of vegetables.

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is one of the main cash crops of Pakistan. It has played a significant role in industrial development and employment generation. It is known as backbone of Pakistan s economy. Its impact on the economic development of the country is well established and it is rightly known as silver fiber of Pakistan. It occupies the 2nd position with respect to cultivated area in the country. During 2007-08 the cotton production was 12 million bales from an area of 3.05 million ha (Anonymous, 2008). Chemical fertilizers which have nutrients available, can provide sufficient nutrients to the crops, but their cost and constrains frequently deter farmers from using them in recommended quantities and balanced proportions. Moreover, limited availability of chemical fertilizers and their high cost are making their use difficult for the farmers. No doubt, use of chemical fertilizer provides essential nutrients for crop improvement to obtain higher yields; however, data of recent years reflect that the crop yields in Pakistan are almost stagnant. This situation warrants the use of organic sources of nutrients.

This study was conducted to investigate the influence of ACC deaminase rhizobacteria on the ACC-induced classical "triple" response in etiolated pea seedlings. Etiolated pea seedlings were exposed to different concentrations of ACC (0, 2, through 10 mmol L-1), in 100 ml glass beakers placed in airtight mason jars wrapped in green foil and incubated under dark for seven days. In another study pea seedlings were inoculated with five strains of rhizobacteria which vary in their ACC-deaminase activity. These inoculated pea seedlings were exposed to 10 mmol L-1 ACC and incubated in the darkness at 25 3 C. Results revealed that exogenous application of ACC had a concentration-dependent effect in creating classical "triple" response in etiolated pea seedlings. Our study concludes that the inoculation with rhizobacteria containing ACC deaminase could be used to decrease ACC which produces due to a variety of biotic and abiotic stresses in plants.

The presence of an increasing number of mobile devices has prompted the demand to use them for information dispersion through opportunistic networks, which they form coincidently due to their geographic location. Opportunistic networks pose several new challenges to the current transmission protocols as they are not only capable of store and forward routing, but also lack the offline routing capability, i.e. source and destination must be connected to the network simultaneously. We can find several opportunistic network protocols in literature, but neither a solid comparison nor a trusted baseline has been presented. In this book, we have analyzed and evaluated eight existing routing algorithms on a common basis in an effort to grasp the strong and weak points of each of them and to see whether it is possible to design a hybrid technique that may take advantage of the strengths of several other techniques.

Vultures can be regarded as a natural resource, like air and water which provide society with a number of services most probably the disposal of carrion, especially livestock carcasses. These services have an impact on human health, economic activity and on environmental quality. In 1980s, vultures were so abundant around human settlements and Gyps bengalensis was regarded as possibly the most abundant large bird of prey in the world. Populations of three Gyps species (G. bengalensis, G. indicus and G. tenuirostris) have dramatically declined within the past 10 years and have recently been listed as critically endangered by the World Conservation Union. Despite a long history of inquiry into the biology as well as phylogenetic studies of the Gyps vultures, only little is known about the genetic studies of this genus. In the present study, samples from four Gyps species (Gyps indicus, G. africanus, G. bengalensis and G. fulvus) were analyzed using microsatellites in order to determine the genetic structure and diversity among Gyps species populations.

Faisalabad is known as a city of textile not only in Pakistan but also all over the world. Several textile processing units are in operation in the surroundings of the city, which are releasing a substantial amount of azo dyes into the wastewater streams in the surroundings of these textile units.The discharge of these contaminants is considered to be a potential threat to the environment because of their hazardous nature. Thus, this study was undertaken to isolate the bacteria possessing high potential to degrade azo dyes from the wastewater discharged by the textile units. A total of 150 bacterial strains were isolated from these wastewater samples using minimal salt medium spiked with Reactive Blue ZBLN azo dye. Results revealed that some bacterial strains were able to decolorize 8 different dyes almost within 6 hours. Thus, the isolated bacterial strains have the potential to remove a variety of dyes from the liquid culture, which could be used to develop a biotreatment strategy for cleanup of the industrial wastewater prior to their discharge into wastewater streams of the surrounding area.

Water availability for sustainable agriculture is becoming extremely critical factor with passage of time. There is dire need to enhance water use efficiency in crops so that higher crop yields could be obtained from limited sources of water. A series of experiments conducted during last several years under field conditions to assess the effectiveness of novel bacteria having ACC-deaminase enzyme for improving growth and yield of cereals. After intensive screening of bacteria, we have successfully isolated a few bacterial strains containing ACC-deaminase enzyme which showed tremendous potential to promote growth and yield of cereals under water deficit stress conditions.

Phosphorus plays an important role in a number of processes in plants, especially in photosynthesis, carbon metabolism, membrane formation, energy generation, glycolysis, respiration and nitrogen fixation. Although total P in the soils are high but their availability to plants is too low to meet the requirements so viable strategies are needed to solublized the inorganic P and to use the RP (insoluble source of P) to decrease the dependence on costly chemical fertilizers in crop production . For the transformation of insoluble phosphorus (PR) to soluble form, composting technology would serve as breakthrough and provided optimal conditions. The objective of the study was to optimize the compost: RP ratio, time and temperature conditions for maximum solublization of P by composting. This study was undertaken to evaluate the potential of composting technology to solublize the rock phosphate in soil and also to develop optimum conditions for better release of available P for growth and development of crop plants.

A pot experiment was conducted to study the comparative effectiveness of rhizobacteria containing either ACC-deaminase and/or nitrogen fixing activity for promoting growth of tomato (Lycopersicon esculantum Mill) in pot trial. Isolation of rhizobacteria containing ACC- deaminase and/or nitrogen fixing ability was done by dilution plate technique. Characterization of selected isolates like root colonization, ACC-deaminase activity and indole acetic acid production was done. Seeds of tomato were inoculated with broth of selected isolates. Hoagland nutrient solution was used to provide nutrition. The results showed that rhizobacteria containing both ACC-deaminase and nitrogen fixing activity were more effective than rhizobacteria containing either ACC-deaminase or nitrogen fixing activity alone for growth promotion of tomato under controlled condition.

Salinity is one of the major constraints, whichhamper agricultural production. The higherconcentration of salts in root zone may stimulateendogenous ethylene biosynthesis in roots, whichconsequently inhibits its growth. One of the majormechanism utilized by plant growth promotingrhizobacteria (PGPR) to facilitate plant growth anddevelopment is the lowering of ethylene levels in theplant roots by deamination of1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), theimmediate precursor of ethylene in plants. In thegiven study, three pre-isolated bacterial strainshaving ACC deaminase activity were used forinoculation of wheat seeds. Inoculated seeds weresown in salt affected field, fertilized with NPK@120-100-60 kg ha-1, respectively. Data regardingvarious growth parameters and yield parameters wasrecorded at the time of harvesting and statisticallyanalyzed. From data it was concluded that plantgrowth promoting rhizobacteria containingACC-deaminase activity can enhance the growth andyield of wheat under salinity stress field conditionsand the strain ACC10 performs the best.

A plant nutrition requirement and management is becoming the most burning issue in agro-industry. soil hosts for different microbes which has the potential to convert the inorganic form of nutrients to plant usable organic form. Artifical induction of microbes helps the plants to combat different stresses. Wate materials contains clossal amount of organic and inorganic nutrients which can be used by plants after processing (compost). The objective of this research to combat water stress by using compost and ACC-Deaminase technology

The canal irrigation system in the Indus Basin is facing a number of operational problems resulting in very high degree of losses of water during conveyance as well as during the application of irrigation to crops. These water losses on one hand result in constrained water supplies of canal water but on the other hand provide a source of recharge to the Indus Basin aquifer. Because of increasing scarcity of surface water resources, minimization of recharge through lining is one of the alternatives. Consequently, lining of different components would influence the recharge potential differently. In order to respond to the question of recharge contribution from irrigation conveyance system components, this study was carried out to measure and assess the recharge contribution from canals and distributaries through field investigations and computer simulation techniques, to evaluate the recharge contribution from watercourses and fields (tertiary irrigation system) using field investigation techniques and to compare the contribution of watercourse system to the recharge potential under lined and unlined options.

The undertaken project includes the survey and experimentations. The survey study was conducted to know the farmers' perception of insect pests and pest management practices in Bt cotton in Punjab, Pakistan. The experimentations were consisted the field and laboratory experiments. The field experiments were conducted to determine the impact of transgenic Bt cotton on the target and non-target insect community in replicated field trials under sprayed and unsprayed conditions, in comparisons with its parent non-Bt conventional cotton. The laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate the impact of Bt toxin on the biological traits (larval mortality, larval development time and pupal weight) of Helicoverpa armigera and Spodoptera exigua by feeding larvae on the leaves and flower- bolls of Bt and non-Bt cotton. The studies highlight that researchers, technology providers and administrators should ensure the effective and highest level of Bt toxin expression in appropriate plant parts at the requisite time, particularly late in the season.

This study enhances the capacity of policy makers regarding FDI policies for attractiveness in South Asia. This study highlights the importance of political risk and policy uncertainties regarding the FDI inflows. The political risk and sustainable policy is essential for FDI inflows, in addition to fiscal incentives. This study recommended the importance of political factors and macro-economic factors in consideration the issues of FDI attraction for policy makers in South Asia.

The GSM is the most widely used technology around the world. This project provides a better methodology for solving the two major practical problems that are usually encountered in GSM base transceiver stations (BTS). These problems are the drifting of microwave antenna forms its actual location and gaps in the coverage of transceivers. The project is designed so that to provide a remote and quick control of machinery and to accurately remove the fault. The system will call to the given number about the fault, and then by dialling code we can make possible our required task. All the knowledge for this project is collected from web resources. As a result of implementation of this system we believe it will save time, money and also make comfort for the operators

This study examines the long-run relationship between Pak-rupee vis--vis US-dollar exchange rate, relative money supplies, real income, nominal interest rates, and real exchange rate over the period 1982Q2 to 2005Q4. The presence of cointegration between exchange rate, monetary fundamentals and relative real prices implies that monetary fundamentals and real factors play a significant role in determining the exchange rate. The results also ssuggestthat monetary fundamentals are still important in determining the exchange rate dynamics. Furthermore, during the reforms period the results of the monetary model appear to be highly consistent with the predictions of monetary model and short-run behaviour of monetary fundamentals is highly responsive. Based on the empirical findings, we derived two main conclusions: the monetary approach to exchange rate is still a valid representation in the determination of long-run exchange rates behaviour. Second, besides the monetary factors, real factors play a significant role in the determination of exchange rate in Pakistan.

Abstract Psychological effects of breast cancer during treatment were evaluated. For this purpose primary and secondary data was record from Bahawalpur Institute of Nuclear Medicines and Oncology (BINO). The data regarding the psychological effects of breast cancer (Primary data) was recorded from the patients who visited the BINO for the treatment of breast cancer. In this regard 200 patients (100 during treatment + 100 after treatment) were evaluated through a questionnaire which was developed with the help of Psychologists and Staticians. The results of the present study concluded that the patients involved in CA breast cancer undergo several psychological effects. During the treatment of CA breast, patients psychological treatment is must to boost the self esteem and courage of the patient to fight against the disease.