Wheat is very important crop of Pakistan, as it is the staple food and largest grain source of the country. Its contribution is 13.1 percent to the value added in agriculture and 2.7 percent to GDP.Pakistan is among the top wheat producing countries of the world. However there is a big gap between actual and potential yield of wheat in Pakistan. Yield limiting factors include water shortage, low use of nutrients due to high prices of fertilizers, conventional cultural practices and low nutrient use efficiency. Phosphorus use efficiency is very low throughout the world, P deficiency is a major factor contributing to low crop production. Humic substances, like humic acid (HA) and fulvic acid (FA), enhance both the yield and quality of many plants, including grains. Humic acid increases the organic matter. The enhancement in P availability and micronutrients with HA application has already been reported in a variety of crops.

Adoption of every new technology always involves advantages and risks; Bt cotton is new technology; which in developed countries is well known for many advantages like reduced application of pesticides, better insect pest control and higher lint yield but its success in developing countries still carries a question mark. Global adoption of Bt cotton has risen dramatically from 0.76 million hectares in its introductory period in 1996 to 7.85 million hectares in 2005. This book aims that adoption of Bt cotton may prove to be green revolution in enhancing the cotton yield. Although adoption of Bt cotton is increasing day by day due to its beneficial effects on environment by reduction of pesticide application; however these are some factors responsible for changes in efficiecy of Bt gene and thus in yield of Bt cotton including internal phenology (genetics), environmental changes, nutrition etc.

As a prerequisite for relevant model development and improvement of design methodologies for supersonic vehicles, this study aims at investigating the influence of wall heat-transfer and shock interaction on the turbulence structure of supersonic boundary layers. Incipient separation conditions and two different wall thermal boundary conditions (adiabatic and cold) are considered. The analysis focuses on the evolution of mean and turbulent flow properties along the interaction region and in the relaxation region downstream of the shock-system. The strong influence of the mean pressure gradient is quantified through the analysis of mean flow profiles and boundary layer integral parameters. The anisotropic amplification of turbulent quantities through the interaction region is characterized and the turbulent events associated with the modification of the turbulence structure of the perturbed boundary layer are identified. The mean and turbulent thermal fields are shown to be strongly modified by the wall cooling which significantly dampens more particularly the turbulent thermal quantities levels across the boundary layer.

Nitrogen is one of the most essential nutrient for the growth of plants, while Boron is also highly important micro-nutrient for efficient plant growth. The interaction between the micro nutrients (like Boron) with nitrogen is highly important topic. This manuscript covered all the aspects of interaction between these two highly important nutrients and their ultimate benefits to crops especially with reference to Sunflower.

This book is a guide for microbiologists and environmentalists in their incursions into the study of microbial genomes and their role in the degradation of harmful & carcinogenic compounds in the environment. It attempts to organize current affairs in biotechnology through a survey of current methods. During the last few decades environmental pollution control microbiology has become an important field of science due to continuous industrialization in both worlds. So it's a little effort in this rapid expanding field. Aniline is a carcinogenic compound and extensively used in taxtile industry for dying, causing serious threat to the environment with a danger to reach in the food chain as well as in water bodies. Its removal or degradation into harmless compounds is of supreme priority in such areas suffering from taxtile effluents and such. This work will serve as a guide line for the future studies concerning biological or microbial degradation of harmful or carcinogenic compounds like aniline.