Endometrial carcinoma is one of the most common malignancies in the female genital tract and poses serious health hazards. The gene P53 safeguards cell integrity however; a mutation in this gene increases the lifeline of the cells which are programmed for cell death. This particular gene participates in many human cancers including endometrial, ovarian and tubal carcinomas. In this study we screened exon 5 of p53 gene to find out whether this exon is a hotspot for mutations or not. We evaluated (n=45) samples of endometrial carcinoma and (n=45) controls from a local population. However, we were unable to find any nucleotide alteration in exon 5. It appears, therefore, exon 5 of p53 is not a hot spot for mutation in local population based on recent our findings.

We bow our heads in most humble thanks to Almighty Allah, the most gracious, the most merciful for granting us the wisdom and strength to complete this work. It is our great pleasure to express our most sincere and deep gratitude to our respected supervisor, Sir Muhammad Habib for his unabated guidance, constant help and encouragement throughout the course of this project. We also wish to express our gratitude and admiration to all the faculty members of air University for their highly useful suggestions and co-operation. We shall be failing in our duty if we do not extend our thanks to our friends and colleagues for their help and encouragement whenever needed. Last but not the least we would like to thank our families for their moral support, love and understanding that enabled us to complete this work

International Fertilizer Industry Association (IFA) data bank (2003) mentioned the excessive use of chemical fertilizer, being 31.9 million tons of chemical fertilizer used in 1961 and 147 million tons in 2003 across the world. A very drastic effect of chemical fertilizers on soil include leaching out, water pollution, soil pollution, destruction of useful micro-organisms, insects and making crops more susceptible to diseases attack. Recent researches are focusing on alternative fertilizer aiming at protecting agriculture system and safe crop production.

This Work presents latest information about new techniques of food preservation and their effects on food safety. Furthermore, the book deals with commonly occurring food spoilage micro-organisms such as salmonella Spp. This work have evaluated the effects of gamma radiation on pathogenic microbes of food specifically chicken meat. The book will benefits students and other stakeholders concern with food safety.

This book covers the seismic risk assessment of existing buildings based on hazard and vulnerability assessment. Hazard maps have been developed and vulnerability assessment of buildings was made by collecting inventory data and experimental study of typical existing buildings. Fragility curves for different types of buildings including single and double stories unreinforced brick masonry and concrete block masonry buildings, single, double and three stories confined brick masonry buildings, and double stories reinforced concrete buildings by using advanced capacity spectrum method (ACSM). Seismic risk has been established for all these buildings from hazard maps and corresponding fragility curves. The seismic risk determined from the hazard maps and fragility curves has been compared with the seismic risk calculated by using MAEviz software developed by Mid America Earthquake (MAE) Centre. It was found that Seismic risk for collapse prevention level is highest for unreinforced concrete block masonry buildings and similarly the seismic risk for confined brick masonry buildings is least. It was also concluded that the seismic risk for reinforced concrete buildings is minimum.