Sunflower is the world fourth most important sources of edible oil. A lot of work has been done for varietals improvement through conventional breeding in Pakistan. In the present work, 16 cultivars (open pollinated population "OPP" and hybrid population "HP" eight each) of sunflower was evaluated. The study was aimed at evaluating the mineral composition, estimation of moisture contents, measuring electrical conductivity and 100 seeds weight. The mineral composition was fractionated though Atomic Absorption Spectrometer, which indicate that Zn+2 was 8.54 and 9.35%; Cu+2 0.5 and 0.02%; Mn+2 3.48 and 9.72%; Co+2 18.67 and 16.81%; Mg+2 68.27 and 83.53%; Fe+3 4.32 and 4.35% were estimated in HP and OPP respectively. Similarly, moisture contents and and 1000-seeds weight were calculated in the HP and OPP respectively. In comparative picture the mineral concentration, moisture contents and 1000 seeds weight in open pollinated population were high as compared to hybrid. A total of 11.7 % genetic diversity was observed in mineral composition of both the populations. The EC was high in HP ranging from 70. 85-137.8, while comparatively low in OPP.

Almost 2 % of the entire plastic eventually get to the surronding, leading to sensitive polution harms. In addition polyethylene is petroleum based which is depleting with time. In this circumstance biobased plastic have gaind extensive significance as a possible alternative. Various bio degradable polymer have been developed. However, they have high cost and lower mechanical properties.To address this issue, different attemts are carried out such as blending of bio-polymeric renewable resourcess with polyolefins. Starch, chitin, chiyosan and cellulose are widely used as biodegradable additive.In the present work bio degradable composites were synthesized from polyethylene and biobased additive such as starch. The compatibility of the polymer matrix and additive was enhenced with maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene and vinyltrietthoxy silane. The book deals with a comprehansive introduction to type of composites, matrix, polyethylene and polysaccharides. A brief discusion of previous literature is also incorporated.

Screening of the genotypes through plasmid assisted technology provides an efficient and handy tool for elaborating genetic relationships among the genotypes. Pea (Pisum sativum L.) genotypes (populations) obtained from different sources were analyzed through RAPD, DNA markers for evaluation of intraspecific DNA variations. The results revealed that significant variations were present in minor bands. Major bands also showed significant diversity. Variations were also recorded in the density of some common bands. Maximum and minimum Genetic Diversity i.e., 80% and 20% was found among 08 and 23 comparisons respectively in banding profile. These variations can be used for enhancing variability, a prerequisite for crop breeding. Phylogenetic clustering of the genotypes revealed that genetic diversity is independent of origin or source of the genotypes. Forty eight genotypes of pea clustered in three main groups A, B and C comprising 23, 5 and 20 genotypes, respectively. A1 and C1 included the most distantly related genotypes and hence can be recommended for breeding to obtain genetically diverse populations.