This edited book explores the use of surfactants in upstream exploration and production (E&P). It provides a molecular, mechanistic and application-based approach to the topic, utilising contributions from the leading researchers in the field of organic surfactant chemistry and surfactant chemistry for upstream E&P. The book covers a wide range of problems in enhanced oil recovery and surfactant chemistry which have a large importance in drilling, fracking, hydrate inhibition and conformance. It begins by discussing the fundamentals of surfactants and their synthesis. It then moves on to present their applicability to a variety of situations such as gas injections, shale swelling inhibition, and acid stimulation. This book presents research in an evolving field, making it interesting to academics, postgraduate students, and experts within the field of oil and gas.

This edited book explores the use of surfactants in upstream exploration and production (E&P). It provides a molecular, mechanistic and application-based approach to the topic, utilising contributions from the leading researchers in the field of organic surfactant chemistry and surfactant chemistry for upstream E&P. The book covers a wide range of problems in enhanced oil recovery and surfactant chemistry which have a large importance in drilling, fracking, hydrate inhibition and conformance. It begins by discussing the fundamentals of surfactants and their synthesis. It then moves on to present their applicability to a variety of situations such as gas injections, shale swelling inhibition, and acid stimulation. This book presents research in an evolving field, making it interesting to academics, postgraduate students, and experts within the field of oil and gas.

In today's modern age, educators face a wide range of challenges across subjects and disciplines, particularly in the medical field. To improve pharmacology education in schools and ensure the next generation of students is prepared, further study on the best practices and challenges that face educators is required. Cases on Teaching Pharmacology to Complementary and Alternative Medicine Students provides real case studies that show teachers, students, and other stakeholders how to address pharmacology education and drug mechanisms using evidence-based practices. The case studies detail how teachers, students, and therapists make treatment decisions. Featuring a wide range of topics such as drugs, ethics, traditional medicine, and alternative medicine, this book is ideal for therapists, educational professionals, administrators, curriculum developers, policymakers, industry professionals, researchers, academicians, scholars, practitioners, instructors, and students.

Radio-frequency identification (RFID) uses electromagnetic fields to automatically identify and track tags attached to objects. The tags contain electronically stored information. RFIDs have been widely used in countless applications such as object tracking, 3D positioning, indoor localization, supply chain management, automotive, inventory control, anti-theft, anti-counterfeit, and access control. The Internet of Things (IoT) promises a huge growth in RFID technology and usage. This book covers the topic of RFID protocol design, optimization, and security. RFID systems allow for a much easier and error free inventory management and tracking, but the probabilistic nature of RFID protocols makes the design and optimization complex and challenging. Most existing commercial RFID systems are not well designed. In this book, the authors aim to demystify complicated RFID protocols and explain in depth the principles, techniques, and practices in designing and optimizing them.

Pakistan an Islamic country with democratic values situated in Sub continent. India and Pakistan are the part of Sub continent, they find their freedom in 1947 from British Rule.unfortunately division of resources was not fare, which create number of problems like settlements, allotment of lands, shortage of industry, livelihood sources and so on.This was not easy to overcome these problems at the time, but the insincere leadership, feudalism, Marshall laws and nepotism made these problems serious instead of solution.This research was conducted in tehsil Shorkot of district Jhang on unemployment issue related to educated youth. This is a burning problem for educated youth in Pakistan. So it was tried sincerely to explore hidden realities against this issue through the researc

Lead (Pb) is an environmental pollutant, especially due to its anthropogenic activity.The present study aimed to investigate some of the toxic effects of lead exposure in quails and its amelioration through vitamin E supplementation. A total number of 420, day old chicks of Japanese quail were assigned seven dietary treatments.. Control group received only basal diet without any supplementation. Other groups received lead (Pb) alone or in different combinations with vitamin E. Lead (Pb) was administered in the feed at a dose level of 50, 75 and 100 mg/kg Pb. Vitamin E was administered in the feed at a dose level of 40mg/kg vit E .The body weight of each bird was weighed weekly and found significant changes in the weight of quails. Pathological lesions in lead (Pb) fed birds included enlarged, pale, friable liver and swollen kidneys.On the other hand, supplementation of vitamins E in lead intoxicated birds showed ameliorative effects in Lead (pb) toxicity. It was concluded that the vitamin E ameliorated the lead induced toxic effects in some of parameters studied

This study was done to explore the toxic effects of Aflatoxin B1 alone and in combination with Ochratoxin A in quail chicks. Day old quail chicks divided into seven equal groups (G0-G6) were administered with aflatoxin (AFB1) and ochratoxin (OTA) alone or in different combinations in feed. Ochratoxin was administered at dose levels of 1 and 1.5 ppm alone and 2ppm OTA in combination with 1 ppm AFB1 in G1, G2 and G3 respectively. AFB1 was administered daily into feed at dose rates of 1 and 1.5 ppm alone and 2ppm AFB1 in combination with 1 ppm OTA in G4, G5 and G6 respectively. Quail chicks fed ochratoxin had decreased feed intake and body weight. Quail chicks administered AFB1 alone showed depression, decrease in feed intake and body weight. Hematological parameters exhibit a decreasing pattern including TEC, TLC, Hb, PCV and ESR. Serum urea and creatinine concentrations increased while total serum proteins decreased. A concurrent administration of AFB1 with ochratoxin indicated a potentiation of the toxicity reflected by increased severity of clinical signs, mortality of the chicks and decreased body weights. Other parameters studied did not show significant differences.

Plastic injection molding process is well known as the manufacturing process to create products with various shapes and complex geometry at low cost. The injection molding cycle consists of several stages, such as filling, packing, and cooling. The cooling system design is of considerable importance since about 80% of the cycle time is taken up by the cooling phase. In this book, injection mold of a complicated plastic part with undercuts is designed by providing the Sliders in the mold and cycle time is reduced by optimizing cooling time. In this book, different variables included: size, location and layout of cooling channels, temperature and flow rate of the coolant and the effect of different types of plastic materials on cooling time are analyzed analytically and through software analysis to optimize the cooling time.

Wild pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) commonly known as "Daru" belongs to the family Punicaceae with chromosome number 2n = 16 or 18. The genus is known to include two species; Punica Protopunica and Punica granatum, the pomegranate.Pomegranate was known as "malum punica" (Punica apple or apple of carthage) in Europe, while in Indo-Pak subcontinent it is familiar with the name "Anar."The pomegranate is one of the oldest known edible fruits. This fruit tree is one of the species mentioned in the Bible and Holy Quran. It is native to the Persia and perhaps some surrounding areas.Present studies were initiated with the view point to explore the diversity existing among various wild pomegranate populations in Rawalakot district Poonch with the help of certain morpho-physiological traits.To determine the association among different parameters simple correlation coefficient was used, factor and cluster analysis were used to elaborate the clear picture of divergence among the traits and amongst the population.

Bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a major food crop in the world and a staple food of Pakistan which plays a remarkable role in meeting the food requirements of the country.Worldwide wheat provides nearly 55% of the carbohydrates and 20 % of the food calories consumed globally. Most of the wheat is growing for human consumption and about 10 % is retained for seed and industry. On the world basis it ranks after rice providing chief protein and caloric requirements for one third of the world population and is consumed in a variety of ways.At present though the production of wheat is increasing gradually but yield is still trailing the average obtained in similar ecologies elsewhere. A significant yield improvement is still possible through the development of high yielding varieties that are adaptable to various agro-climatic conditions. Manipulation of accessions for exploring genotypes with best combining ability and identification of transgrassive segregates by using modern genetic tools is prerequisite for high yielding varieties. Current studies on combining ability and authentication of F1 hybrids provided excellent results in this regard.

The development of new drugs is a critical area of research that requires a multidisciplinary approach. With the rise of drug-resistant diseases, the need for effective and safe drugs is more pressing than ever. Natural science is a promising area of drug discovery that has gained significant attention in recent years. Natural products, such as plant extracts, have been used for centuries to treat various diseases and can serve as a valuable source for new drug molecules. Multidisciplinary Applications of Natural Science for Drug Discovery and Integrative Medicine explores the role of natural science in drug discovery. The book highlights the interdisciplinary nature of drug discovery, which involves biology, chemistry, pharmacology, mathematics, physics, and medicine. By integrating these disciplines, the book aims to identify new drug molecules that can effectively treat various diseases. One of the key focuses of the book is to integrate allopathic and complementary medicine. The book explores how natural products can be combined with conventional medicine to improve drug efficacy and patient outcomes. With a cross-disciplinary approach, this research ensures that readers gain a comprehensive understanding of how natural science can be leveraged to develop effective and safe drugs. This essential resource is designed for researchers, post-doctoral fellows, graduate students, and post-graduate students who are interested in exploring the multidisciplinary applications of natural science in drug discovery and integrative medicine. With its comprehensive coverage and focus on practical applications, the book is an invaluable tool for anyone seeking to contribute to the development of new and effective drugs.