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This book presents a comparative look at the norms and attitudes
related to youth violence. It aims to present a perspective outside
of the typical Western context, through case studies comparing a
developed / Western democracy (Germany), a country with a history
of institutionalized violence (South Africa), and an emerging
democracy that has experienced heavy terrorism (Pakistan). Building
on earlier works, the research presented in this innovative volume
provides new insights into the sociocultural context for shaping
both young people's tolerance of and involvement in violence,
depending on their environment. This volume covers: Research on
interpersonal violence. Thorough review of the contribution of
research on gangs, violence, neighborhoods and community. Analyses
on violence-related norms of male juveniles (ages 16-21 years old)
living in high-risk urban neighborhoods. Intense discussion of the
concept of street code and its use. Application of street code
concept to contexts outside the US. An integrating chapter focused
on where the street code exists, and how it is modified or
interpreted by young men. With a foreword by Jeffrey Ian Ross, this
book aims to provide a broader context for research. It does so via
a rigorous comparative methodology, presenting a framework that may
be applied to future studies. This open access book will be of
interest to researchers in criminology and criminal justice, as
well as related fields such as sociology, demography, psychology,
and public health.
This book presents a comparative look at the norms and attitudes
related to youth violence. It aims to present a perspective outside
of the typical Western context, through case studies comparing a
developed / Western democracy (Germany), a country with a history
of institutionalized violence (South Africa), and an emerging
democracy that has experienced heavy terrorism (Pakistan). Building
on earlier works, the research presented in this innovative volume
provides new insights into the sociocultural context for shaping
both young people's tolerance of and involvement in violence,
depending on their environment. This volume covers: Research on
interpersonal violence. Thorough review of the contribution of
research on gangs, violence, neighborhoods and community. Analyses
on violence-related norms of male juveniles (ages 16-21 years old)
living in high-risk urban neighborhoods. Intense discussion of the
concept of street code and its use. Application of street code
concept to contexts outside the US. An integrating chapter focused
on where the street code exists, and how it is modified or
interpreted by young men. With a foreword by Jeffrey Ian Ross, this
book aims to provide a broader context for research. It does so via
a rigorous comparative methodology, presenting a framework that may
be applied to future studies. This open access book will be of
interest to researchers in criminology and criminal justice, as
well as related fields such as sociology, demography, psychology,
and public health.
Metals are non-biodegradable and are considered as major
environmental pollutants causing cytotoxic, mutagenic and
carcinogenic effects in animals. Aquatic organisms have the ability
to accumulate heavy metals from various sources including
sediments, soil erosion and runoff, air depositions of dust and
aerosol, and discharges of waste water. Therefore, accumulation of
heavy metals in aquatic organisms can pose a long lasting effect on
biogeochemical cycling in the ecosphere.The rapid growth of
population in the catchment areas may lead to deterioration of lake
water quality (biolgical/chemical). The present investigation was
carried out to study the water quality issues in terms of metal
contents of Rawal Lake Islamabad Pakistan, which is major drinking
water reserviour for inhabitants of Rawalpindi/Islamabad.
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