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This book is related to disaster risk reduction in agriculture
particularly under changing climate. Climate change refers to
significant, long-term changes in the global climate. There is
unequivocal evidence that Earth is warming at an unprecedented
rate. Human activity is the principal cause. The planets average
surface temperature has risen to about 1oC since the late 19th
century and most of the warming occurred in the past 40 years. The
years 2016 and 2020 are tied for the warmest year on the record.
Similarly, other evidence of rapid climate change includes warming
of oceans, shrinking of ice sheets, retreating glaciers, decreasing
snow cover, rising of sea level, declining artic sea ice, increased
frequency of extreme events, ocean acidification and loss of
biodiversity. Hence, climate change impacts, both extreme weather
and slow-onset events, have impacted several sectors of the
national economies and activities, in particular agriculture and
food production, augmented by other challenges be it geopolitical,
cost of finance or supply chain related, and in a time of increased
food insecurity. Without CO2 fertilization, effective adaptation,
and genetic improvement, each degree-Celsius increase in global
mean temperature would, on average, reduce global yields of wheat
by 6.0%, rice by 3.2%, maize by 7.4%, and soybean by 3.1%. Hence
this book is useful as a study material to teach in the field of
agriculture and climate change. The book is useful for instructors
and postgraduate as well as undergraduate students involved in the
study of climate change. The book also provide guidance to multiple
stakeholders to design mitigation and adaptation efforts to climate
change and ensure food security in the developing world.
Achieving food security and economic developmental objectives in
the face of climate change and rapid population growth requires
systems modelling approaches, for example in the design of
sustainable agriculture farming systems. Such approaches increase
our understanding of system responses to different soil and
climatic conditions, and provide insights into the effects of
various variable climate change scenarios, providing valuable
information for decision-makers. Further, in the agricultural
sector, systems modelling can help optimise crop management and
adaptation measures to boost productivity under variable climatic
conditions. Presenting key outcomes from crop models used in
agricultural systems this book is a valuable resource for
professionals interested in using modelling approaches to manage
the growth and improve the quality of various crops.
Ancient Pakistan - An Archaeological History deals with the
prehistory of Pakistan from the Stone Age to the end of the Indus
Civilization. This particular volume, The Stone Age, concerns with
the first appearance of man in northern Pakistan more than a
million years ago and traces his cultural history up to the
emergence of agriculture and sedentary living in this region. The
book is written for students of ancient history, anthropology, and
archaeology. The material is generously illustrated with a large
number of maps, tables, drawings, and colored photographs. Each
Section is provided with extensive references to the text and a
comprehensive bibliography is provided for those who want to dig
deeper into the subject. Although the book primarily deals with the
Greater Indus Valley, its scope is much wider: the subject has been
discussed in context with the paleolithic of India, Central Asia,
and Iran. The story of human evolution provides a constant
background.
This book is the second volume of a much larger project, Ancient
Pakistan - An Archaelogical History, which deals with the
prehistory of Pakistan from the Stone Age to the end of the Indus
Civilization ca. 1500 BC. This particular volume, A Prelude to
Civilization, is concerned with the beginning of agriculture,
sedentary living and the emergence of village farming communities
in the Greater Indus Valley, leaving the reader at the threshold of
the Harappan Civilization. The material is generously illustrated
with a large number of maps, tables, drawings, and photographs. A
comprehensive bibliography is provided for those who want to dig
deeper into the subject.
This book is the fifth and the last volume of a much larger
project, Ancient Pakistan - An Archaelogical History. which deals
with the prehistory of Pakistan from the Stone Age to the end of
the Indus Civilization. This volume deals with the decay and demise
of the Indus Civilization and its devolution into post-Harappan
regional cultures under the impact of the intruding pastoral nomads
from the West, the Indo-Aryans being one of them. A comprehensive
bibliography is provided for those who want to dig deeper into the
subject.
Pakistan, being a developing country, has to meet many challenges
including high rate of productivity in all sectors. However, many
organizations face problem in meeting this objective due to high
turnover rate caused by lower level of job satisfaction. This
research was conducted in an effort to find out reasons for lower
level of job satisfaction and its relationship with turnover
intention in context of Pakistani culture. The study also aimed at
finding out the most suitable ethical climate for dealing with role
conflict, role ambiguity and emotional exhaustion. Various analyses
of data collected from 201 respondents of telecom sector of
Pakistan were done to find out relationships between different
variables. Findings of the research suggest that emotional
exhaustion and job satisfaction have significant relationship with
turnover intention. Also, egoistic ethical climate has significant
relationship with role conflict and role ambiguity. The findings
can prove to be useful to the managers in telecommunication sector
who are looking for increasing productivity by developing a
conducive ethical climate and thereby enhance job satisfaction.
Pesticide usage has become an essential component of modern age
agriculture. Their applications for the protection of crops through
the pests, insects, mites, ticks and weeds are increasing steadily.
The Pyrethroids constitute about twenty five percent of total
pesticides used worldwide. These are based on an ester, derived
from a flower chrysanthemum. Bifenthrin and cypermethrin are
amongst natural Pyrethrins used. The excessive use of pesticides
creates different environmental problems including soil and water
pollution and ecological imbalance. Soil microflora the hidden
creatures in earth's biodiversity and the soil microbial community
are physiologically versatile in metabolizing and mineralizing a
wide variety of organic pollutants into non toxic form. The
utilization of microorganisms to clean up xenobiotics from polluted
environment present a cheap and biologically safe solution for
pollution problem. The present work deals with isolation and
chracterization of pyrethroid degrading bacteria from rhizospheric
soil of tannery solid waste. Chromatographic separation of degraded
products show the capacity of bacteria to be used as a biological
tool for bioremediation.
Climatic variation, continuously increasing population and market
infrastructure are driven forces to reduce agricultural
productivity and new management options and appropriate genotypes
are the need of the day to be considered for sustainable
production. Crop simulation models can be complementary tools in
field experiments to develop innovative crop management systems
under continuous varying climatic conditions. In this perspective,
two dynamic crop growth models viz., APSIM (Agricultural Production
System Simulator) and DSSAT (Decision Support System for Agro
Technology Transfer) were calibrated and validated to predict
growth and yield of wheat under rainfed conditions for Pothwar
region of Pakistan. Experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete
Block Design with five wheat varieties namely; Tatara, NARC-2009,
Sehar-2006, SKD-1 and F-Sarhad were planted by keeping individual
plot size of 5 m x 3 m with row spacing of 25 cm. Both the models
were parameterized using different agronomic parameters
(phenological development, days after sowing, drymatter
accumulation, leaf area index and grain yield) and climatic data.
Temperature in terms of thermal units could influence the crop
growth and yield. Similarly different climatic and moisture regime
may alter crop phenology, physiology and development and it may be
induced on the crop by sowing crop under different sowing dates or
environments(years).Keeping in view the findings of current study
it may be concluded that crop respond variably under changing
climate.Similarly, its need of time to develop a model between
environmental variables like temperature and PTQ with crop yield
under local environments in order to sustained crop productivity
and to mitigate climate extremes events like El-Nino and La-Nina.
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