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This study is an effort to reveal how patriarchy is embedded in
different societal and state structures, including the economy,
juvenile penal justice system, popular culture, economic sphere,
ethnic minorities, and social movements in Turkey. All the articles
share the common ground that the political and economic sphere,
societal values, and culture produce conservatism regenerate
patriarchy and hegemonic masculinity in both society and the state
sphere. This situation imprisons women within their houses and
makes non-heterosexuals invisible in the public sphere, thereby
preserving the hegemony of men in the public sphere by which this
male-dominated mentality or namely hegemonic masculinity excludes
all forms of others and tries to preserve hierarchical structures.
In this regard, the citizenship and the gender regime bound to each
other function as an exclusion mechanism that prevents tolerance
and pluralism in society and the political sphere.
This study is an effort to reveal how patriarchy is embedded in
different societal and state structures, including the economy,
juvenile penal justice system, popular culture, economic sphere,
ethnic minorities, and social movements in Turkey. All the articles
share the common ground that the political and economic sphere,
societal values, and culture produce conservatism regenerate
patriarchy and hegemonic masculinity in both society and the state
sphere. This situation imprisons women within their houses and
makes non-heterosexuals invisible in the public sphere, thereby
preserving the hegemony of men in the public sphere by which this
male-dominated mentality or namely hegemonic masculinity excludes
all forms of others and tries to preserve hierarchical structures.
In this regard, the citizenship and the gender regime bound to each
other function as an exclusion mechanism that prevents tolerance
and pluralism in society and the political sphere.
The oppositional master frame adopted by the Bergama environmental
struggle is based on ecologically sustainable development with a
focus on the precautionary principle. Actors (local residents,
independent scientific community, national and international
advocacy networks, and lawyers) involved in the movement were not
requesting to find better means of disposing hazardous waste by
product of cyanide use. Instead, the immediate goal of the movement
was to halt this project and advocate on worldwide ban on
cyanide-use in mining due to its unsustainability. As a result, the
movement can be defined as precautionary populist environmentalism.
Precautionary populist environmentalism can be defined as the
multilevel and multidimensional expressiveness of environmental
issues. Simultaneously it is a local response to environmental
health effect, and risks to the lose of livelihood due to cyanide
use, it is a struggle against the current global hegemonies of
TNC-World Bank-IMF-WTO-Turkish government complex. It is part of a
global struggle over ecologically sustainable development in
general, and part of a European struggle over precautionary
principle adoption in cyanide-leaching.
Based on case studies, this book analyzes a recent wave of social
movement and protests in the twenty-first century. It has two
overarching broadly defined themes: first, to identify
commonalities across the social movements and protests in terms of
strategies, desire, hopes as well as the main factors in the
decline of the movements. And second, to underline the significance
of the general economic, social, and political conditions in which
these protests arose. Although there are specific national and
local context-specific reasons for the protests observed in
different countries, the gradual integration of the post-war
neo-liberal hegemonic world order is the fundamental overarching
structural factor behind these protests. From Turkey to Spain,
Greece to Mexico, and the Netherlands to the U.S., this book
observes that the "outsiders" of the system resist against the
oppression of the neo-liberal world system.
Based on case studies, this book analyzes a recent wave of social
movement and protests in the twenty-first century. It has two
overarching broadly defined themes: first, to identify
commonalities across the social movements and protests in terms of
strategies, desire, hopes as well as the main factors in the
decline of the movements. And second, to underline the significance
of the general economic, social, and political conditions in which
these protests arose. Although there are specific national and
local context-specific reasons for the protests observed in
different countries, the gradual integration of the post-war
neo-liberal hegemonic world order is the fundamental overarching
structural factor behind these protests. From Turkey to Spain,
Greece to Mexico, and the Netherlands to the U.S., this book
observes that the "outsiders" of the system resist against the
oppression of the neo-liberal world system.
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