The increasing diversity of population of the United States presents many challenges to conducting health research that is representative and informative. Dispersion and accessibility issues can increase logistical costs; populations for which it is difficult to obtain adequate sample size are also likely to be expensive to study. Hence, even if it is technically feasible to study a small population, it may not be easy to obtain the funding to do so. In order to address the issues associated with improving health research of small populations, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a workshop in January 2018. Participants considered ways of addressing the challenges of conducting epidemiological studies or intervention research with small population groups, including alternative study designs, innovative methodologies for data collection, and innovative statistical techniques for analysis. Table of Contents Front Matter 1 Introduction and Background 2 What Do We Mean by "Small Populations"? 3 Challenges in Using Available Data for Small Population Health Research 4 Techniques Used in Survey Research to Identify and Find Small Populations for Health Research 5 New and Emerging Designs for Intervention Studies 6 Recruitment, Retention, and Collection of Data 7 Analysis Techniques for Small Population Research 8 Closing Remarks Appendix A: Agenda and List of Participants Appendix B: Biographical Sketches of Steering Committee and Speakers Committee on National Statistics

The education landscape in the United States has been changing rapidly in recent decades: student populations have become more diverse; there has been an explosion of data sources; there is an intensified focus on diversity, equity, inclusion, and accessibility; educators and policy makers at all levels want more and better data for evidence-based decision making; and the role of technology in education has increased dramatically. With awareness of this changed landscape the Institute of Education Sciences at the U.S. Department of Education asked the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to provide a vision for the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES)?the nation's premier statistical agency for collecting, analyzing, and disseminating statistics at all levels of education. A Vision and Roadmap for Education Statistics (2022) reviews developments in using alternative data sources, considers recent trends and future priorities, and suggests changes to NCES's programs and operations, with a focus on NCES's statistical programs. The report reimagines NCES as a leader in the 21st century education data ecosystem, where it can meet the growing demands for policy-relevant statistical analyses and data to more effectively and efficiently achieve its mission, especially in light of the Foundations for Evidence-Based Policymaking Act of 2018 and the 2021 Presidential Executive Order on advancing racial equity. The report provides strategic advice for NCES in all aspects of the agency's work including modernization, stakeholder engagement, and the resources necessary to complete its mission and meet the current and future challenges in education. Table of Contents Front Matter Synopsis Summary 1 Introduction 2 Rise Up to Meet 21st-Century Education Data Ecosystem Needs 3 Prioritize Topics, Data Content, and Statistical Information to Maintain Relevance 4 Expand Engagement and Dissemination for Greater Mission Impact 5 Transform Internal Structure and Operations to Align with and Directly Support the Strategic Plan 6 Summary of Recommendations References Appendix A: Glossary of Terms and Acronyms Used in This Report Appendix B: Data Sources and Collection Approaches Appendix C: Summary of Data Content Prioritization Process Appendix D: Comparing Federal Principal Statistical Agencies and Units Appendix E: Institute of Education Sciences and NCES Product Review Processes Appendix F: Open Meeting Agendas and Solicited Statements Appendix G: Biographical Sketches of the Panel Committee on National Statistics

Section 141 of The Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act of 20101 provides funding for a research program on the causes and consequences of childhood hunger and food insecurity, and the characteristics of households with childhood hunger and food insecurity, with a particular focus on efforts to improve the knowledge base regarding contributing factors, geographic distribution, programmatic effectiveness, public health and medical costs, and consequences for child development, well-being, and educational attainment. The Economic Research Service and Food and Nutrition Service of the US Department of Agriculture conducted two outreach efforts to obtain input from the research community and other stakeholders to help focus on areas and methods with the greatest research potential. First, Food and Nutrition Service sought written comments to selected questions through publication of a Federal Register Notice. The second option was to convene a workshop under the auspices of the Committee on National Statistics of the National Research Council and the Food and Nutrition Board of the Institute of Medicine. Research Opportunities Concerning the Causes and Consequences of Child Food Insecurity and Hunger is the summary of that workshop, convened in Fall 2012 to examine research gaps and opportunities to advance understanding of the causes and consequences of child hunger in the United States. This report reviews the adequacy of current knowledge, identifies substantial research gaps, and considers data availability of economic, health, social, cultural, demographic, and other factors that contribute to childhood hunger or food insecurity. It also considers the geographic distribution of childhood hunger and food insecurity; the extent to which existing federal assistance programs reduce childhood hunger and food insecurity; childhood hunger and food insecurity persistence, and the extent to which it is due to gaps in program coverage; and the inability of potential participants to access programs, or the insufficiency of program benefits or services. Research Opportunities Concerning the Causes and Consequences of Child Food Insecurity and Hunger will be a resource to inform discussions about the public health and medical costs of childhood hunger and food insecurity through its focus on determinants of child food insecurity and hunger, individual, community, and policy responses to hunger, impacts of child food insecurity and hunger, and measurement and surveillance issues. Table of Contents Front Matter 1 Introduction 2 Defining and Measuring Food Security 3 Individual and Household Determinants of Child Food Insecurity and Hunger 4 Contextual Factors Linked to Child Food Insecurity and Hunger 5 Individual and Family Coping Responses to Hunger 6 Community Responses to Food Insecurity and Hunger 7 Public Policy Responses to Hunger 8 Health and Developmental Correlates of Child Food Insecurity from Pregnancy to Adolescence 9 Measurement and Surveillance of Child Food Insecurity and Hunger 10 Wrap-Up Bibliography Appendix A: Agenda Appendix B: Registered Participants Committee on National Statistics

The Children's Health Act mandated the National Children's Study (NCS) in 2000 with one of its purposes being to authorize the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) to study the environmental influences (including physical, chemical, biological, and psychosocial) on children's health and development. The NCS examines all aspects of the environment including air, water, diet, noise, family dynamics, and genetics, on the growth, development, and health of children across the United States, for a period of 21 years. The purpose of NCS is to improve the health and well-being of children and to contribute to understanding the role of these factors on health and disease. The research plan for the NCS was developed from 2005 to 2007 in collaboration among the Interagency Coordinating Committee, the NCS Advisory Committee, the NCS Program Office, Westat, the Vanguard Center principal investigators, and federal scientists. The current design of the study, however, uses a separate pilot to assess quality of scientific output, logistics, and operations and a "Main Study" to examine exposure-outcome relationships. The NCS proposed the use of a multilayered cohort approach for the Main Study, which was one of the topics for discussion at the workshop that is the subject of this publication. In the fall of 2012, NICHD requested that the Committee on National Statistics (CNSTAT) of the NRC and the IOM convene a joint workshop, to be led by CNSTAT. The workshop was to focus on issues related to the overall design (including the framework for implementation) of the NCS. The committee was provided a background paper which it used to select the challenges that were discussed at the workshop. Design of the National Children's Study: A Workshop Summary presents an overview of the workshop held on January 11, 2013. The publication includes summaries of the four sessions of the workshop, a list of participants, and the agenda. Table of Contents Front Matter 1 Introduction 2 Environmental Measures 3 Sample Design - Consideration of Multiple Cohorts 4 Imputation and Estimation 5 Moving Forward References Appendix A: Workshop Agenda Appendix B: Registered Participants Committee on National Statistics