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In recent years, the fabrication of nanomaterials and exploration
of their properties have attracted the attention of various
scientific disciplines such as biology, physics, chemistry, and
engineering. Although nanoparticulate systems are of significant
interest in various scientific and technological areas, there is
little known about the safety of these nanoscale objects. It has
now been established that the surfaces of nanoparticles are
immediately covered by biomolecules (e.g. proteins, ions, and
enzymes) upon their entrance into a biological medium. This
interaction with the biological medium modulates the surface of the
nanoparticles, conferring a "biological identity" to their surfaces
(referred to as a "corona"), which determines the subsequent
cellular/tissue responses. The new interface between the
nanoparticles and the biological medium/proteins, called "bio-nano
interface," has been very rarely studied in detail to date, though
the interest in this topic is rapidly growing. In this book, the
importance of the physiochemical characteristics of nanoparticles
for the properties of the protein corona is discussed in detail,
followed by comprehensive descriptions of the methods for assessing
the protein-nanoparticle interactions. The advantages and
limitations of available corona evaluation methods (e.g.
spectroscopy methods, mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic
resonance, electron microscopy, X-ray crystallography, and
differential centrifugal sedimentation) are examined in detail,
followed by a discussion of the possibilities for enhancing the
current methods and a call for new techniques. Moreover, the
advantages and disadvantages of protein-nanoparticle interaction
phenomena are explored and discussed, with a focus on the
biological impacts.
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