The book reviews and reports the recent progress and knowledge on the specific impact of current and projected urban overheating as well as of the urban mitigation technologies on mortality and morbidity and urban vulnerability. It presents recent data and developments on the topic reported by some of the more distinguished researchers in this area. In parallel, it discusses new findings related to the characteristics and the magnitude of urban overheating and reports and analyzes the recent knowledge on the synergies between urban heat island and heatwaves. This book helps to advance our understanding on the interaction between Urban Heat Island (UHI) and overheating as well as their impact on energy demand and public health globally. Exploring the interaction between UHI and energy consumption requires the understanding on the dynamics of UHI intensity and air pollution index in different land use and how such interactions may vary in different cities in the world. Moreover, this book focuses on different cities in Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Cyprus, Greece, Hong Kong, India, Asia, Spain, UK, and USA.

Semi-aerobic leachate typically has high COD and low BOD as experienced. The BOD5/COD ratio of this site is about 0.17. It shows that the fraction of refractory compound in leachate is high and is difficult to biodegrade. The low biodegradability is attributed to partial stabilization of leachate at the landfill. Biological treatment of leachate in Malaysia is not well established and important data for the treatment process is not available. This research was conducted to establish some of the important data in the activated sludge biological process (AS) of semi-aerobic leachate with powder activated carbon (PAe (AS+PAe and without the influence of PAC (NON-PAe. The research determines the reactors performance at three hydraulic retention times (HRT) and three dilution factors (DF), based on the influent COD concentrations. For the present study, semi aerobic leachate was collected from Pulau Burung Landfill Site (PBLS).