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The book of Hebrews has often been the Cinderella of the New
Testament, overlooked and marginalized; and yet it is one of the
most interesting and theologically significant books in the New
Testament. A Cloud of Witness examines the theology of the book in
the light of its ancient historical context. There are chapters
devoted to the structure of Hebrews, the person of Jesus Christ,
Hebrews within the context of Second Temple Judaism and the
Greco-Roman empire and the role of Hebrews in early Christian
thought.
Are the rituals in the Hebrew Bible of great antiquity, practiced
unchanged from earliest times, or are they the products of later
innovators? The canonical text is clear: ritual innovation is
repudiated as when Jeroboam I of Israel inaugurate a novel cult at
Bethel and Dan. Most rituals are traced back to Moses. From Julius
Wellhausen to Jacob Milgrom, this issue has divided critical
scholarship. With the rich documentation from the late Second
Temple period, such as the Dead Sea Scrolls, it is apparent that
rituals were changed. Were such rituals practiced, or were they
forms of textual imagination? How do rituals change and how are
such changes authorized? Do textual innovation and ritual
innovation relate? What light might ritual changes between the
Hebrew Bible and late Second Temple texts shed on the history of
ritual in the Hebrew Bible? The essays in this volume engage the
various issues that arise when rituals are considered as practices
that may be invented and subject to change. A number of essays
examine how biblical texts show evidence of changing ritual
practices, some use textual change to discuss related changes in
ritual practice, while others discuss evidence for ritual change
from material culture.
Whilst prophetic oracles in late prophetic books evidence tensions
about the Jerusalem temple and its priesthood, MacDonald
demonstrates that the relationships between prophetic oracles have
been incorrectly appraised. Employing an interpretative method
attentive to issues of redaction and inner-biblical interpretation,
MacDonald show that Ezekiel 44 is a polemical response to Isaiah
56, and not the reverse as is typically assumed. This has
significant consequences for the dating of Ezekiel 44 and for its
relationship to other biblical texts, especially Pentateuchal texts
from Leviticus and Numbers. Since Ezekiel 44 has been a crucial
chapter in understanding the historical development of the
priesthood, MacDonald's arguments affect our understanding of the
origins of the distinction between Levites and priests, and the
claims that a Zadokite priestly sept dominated the Second Temple
hierarchy.
Are the rituals in the Hebrew Bible of great antiquity, practiced
unchanged from earliest times, or are they the products of later
innovators? The canonical text is clear: ritual innovation is
repudiated as when Jeroboam I of Israel inaugurate a novel cult at
Bethel and Dan. Most rituals are traced back to Moses. From Julius
Wellhausen to Jacob Milgrom, this issue has divided critical
scholarship. With the rich documentation from the late Second
Temple period, such as the Dead Sea Scrolls, it is apparent that
rituals were changed. Were such rituals practiced, or were they
forms of textual imagination? How do rituals change and how are
such changes authorized? Do textual innovation and ritual
innovation relate? What light might ritual changes between the
Hebrew Bible and late Second Temple texts shed on the history of
ritual in the Hebrew Bible? The essays in this volume engage the
various issues that arise when rituals are considered as practices
that may be invented and subject to change. A number of essays
examine how biblical texts show evidence of changing ritual
practices, some use textual change to discuss related changes in
ritual practice, while others discuss evidence for ritual change
from material culture.
This fascinating collection of essays charts, for the first time,
the range of responses by scholars on both sides of the conflict to
the outbreak of war in August 1914. The volume examines how
biblical scholars, like their compatriots from every walk of life,
responded to the great crisis they faced, and, with relatively few
exceptions, were keen to contribute to the war effort. Some joined
up as soldiers. More commonly, however, biblical scholars and
theologians put pen to paper as part of the torrent of patriotic
publication that arose both in the United Kingdom and in Germany.
The contributors reveal that, in many cases, scholars were
repeating or refining common arguments about the responsibility for
the war. In Germany and Britain, where the Bible was still central
to a Protestant national culture, we also find numerous more
specialized works, where biblical scholars brought their own
disciplinary expertise to bear on the matter of war in general, and
this war in particular. The volume's contributors thus offer new
insights into the place of both the Bible and biblical scholarship
in early 20th-century culture.
In ancient Israel the production of food was a basic concern of
almost every Israelite. Consequently, there are few pages in the
Old Testament that do not mention food, and food provides some of
the most important social, political and religious symbols in the
biblical text. Not Bread Alone is the first detailed and
wide-ranging examination of food and its symbolism in the Old
Testament and the world of ancient Israel. Many of these symbols
are very well-known, such as the forbidden fruit in the Garden of
Eden, the abominable pig and the land flowing with milk and honey.
Nathan MacDonald demonstrates that the breadth biblical symbolism
associated with food reaches beyond these celebrated examples,
providing a collection of interrelated studies that draw on work on
food in anthropology or other historical disciplines. The studies
maintain sensitivity to the literary nature of the text as well as
the many historical-critical questions that arise when studying it.
Topics examined include: the nature and healthiness of the ancient
Israelite diet; the relationship between food and memory in
Deuteronomy; the confusion of food, sex and warfare in Judges; the
place of feasting in the Israelite monarchy; the literary motif of
divine judgement at the table; the use of food in articulating
Israelite identity in the post-exilic period. The concluding
chapter shows how some of these Old Testament concerns find
resonance in the New Testament.
Decisive Meals discusses various aspects of meal traditions and
their relevance in terms of boundaries between different groups in
the context of first century Judaism and the early Christ-movement.
The contributors discuss different communities at different times
and places - under the same focus of common meals: The postexilic
community in Judaea, the Pauline communities in Asia Minor, as well
as in the Roman dominated city of Caesarea and the Hellenistic
Jewish community and the emerging rabbinical community - each time
a community is affected through the sharing of meals, but how
exactly? What are similar effects - where are the differences? This
sheds light on power dynamics between rich and poor, well fed and
hungry, but also between men and women. These questions will
clarify how detailed exegesis is influenced by hermeneutical
patterns and ideas about food, boundaries and power dynamics.
How did the Jerusalem high priests go from being cultic servants in
the sixth century BCE to assuming political supremacy at some point
during the third or second century? The Making of the Tabernacle
and the Construction of Priestly Hegemony examines how the
conditions were created for the priesthood's rise to power by
examining the most important ideological texts for the high
priests: the description of the wilderness tabernacle and the
instructions for the ordination ritual found in the Biblical books
of Exodus and Leviticus. Although neglected by many modern readers,
who often find them technical and repetitive, the tabernacle
accounts excited considerable interest amongst early scribes and
readers, as is evidenced by the survival of them in no fewer than
four versions. Untangling this intricate compositional history
helps shed light on how these chapters in the Pentateuch shaped-and
were shaped by-the perception of the priesthood's powers and
competencies during the Persian and early Hellenistic periods. The
hierarchy that is developed is more nuanced and multifaceted than
previously appreciated, with Israelite artisans, community leaders,
Levites and women incorporated into a complex vision of society.
The ordination ritual was also transformed by scribal elites during
the Persian period, appearing in no fewer than five variant forms
as the role of the high priesthood and its relationship to other
groups was negotiated. Using a broad, plural methodological
approach that incorporates insights from sociology, ritual studies,
textual and literary criticism, early interpretation, manuscript
studies, and philology, Nathan MacDonald's study shines new light
on the historical development, theology, and ideology of priestly
texts in the Pentateuch.
Decisive Meals discusses various aspects of meal traditions and
their relevance in terms of boundaries between different groups in
the context of first century Judaism and the early Christ-movement.
The contributors discuss different communities at different times
and places - under the same focus of common meals: The post-exilic
community in Judaea, the Pauline communities in Asia Minor, as well
as in the Roman dominated city of Caesarea and the Hellenistic
Jewish community and the emerging rabbinical community - each time
a community is affected through the sharing of meals, but how
exactly? What are similar effects - where are the differences? This
sheds light on power dynamics between rich and poor, well fed and
hungry, but also between men and women. These questions will
clarify how detailed exegesis is influenced by hermeneutical
patterns and ideas about food, boundaries and power dynamics.
The second annual St. Andrews Conference on Scripture and Theology
brought leading biblical scholars and systematic theologians
together in conversation, seeking to bridge the growing gap between
these disciplines. Reflecting the convergence of the Old Testaments
cultic theology, Hellenistic ideas, and early Christian thinking,
the epistle to the Hebrews provides a perfect foundation for this
fruitful dialogue. / The contributors examine a number of key
theological themes in the letter to the Hebrews: the person and
nature of the Son, his high-priestly work, cosmology, the epistles
theology of Scripture, supersessionism, the call to faith, and
more. Unlike many modern treatments, this substantial volume
considers Hebrews in both its ancient context and against our
modern backdrop. / Edward Adams, Loveday Alexander, Harold W.
Attridge, Richard Bauckham, Markus Bockmuehl, Daniel Driver,
Douglas Farrow, Trevor Hart, Richard B. Hays, Stephen R. Holmes,
Morna D. Hooker, Edison M. Kalengyo, Mariam J. Kamell, Bruce L.
McCormack, Nathan MacDonald, I. Howard Marshall, R. Walter L.
Moberly, Carl Mosser, Mark D. Nanos, Nehemia Polen, John
Polkinghorne, Ken Schenck, Oskar Skarsaune, Daniel J. Treier, John
Webster, Ben Witherington III, Terry J. Wright.
This fascinating collection of essays charts, for the first time,
the range of responses by scholars on both sides of the conflict to
the outbreak of war in August 1914. The volume examines how
biblical scholars, like their compatriots from every walk of life,
responded to the great crisis they faced, and, with relatively few
exceptions, were keen to contribute to the war effort. Some joined
up as soldiers. More commonly, however, biblical scholars and
theologians put pen to paper as part of the torrent of patriotic
publication that arose both in the United Kingdom and in Germany.
The contributors reveal that, in many cases, scholars were
repeating or refining common arguments about the responsibility for
the war. In Germany and Britain, where the Bible was still central
to a Protestant national culture, we also find numerous more
specialized works, where biblical scholars brought their own
disciplinary expertise to bear on the matter of war in general, and
this war in particular. The volume's contributors thus offer new
insights into the place of both the Bible and biblical scholarship
in early 20th-century culture.
Genesis and Christian Theology contributes significantly to the
renewed convergence of biblical studies and systematic theology --
two disciplines whose relational disconnect has adversely affected
not only the academy but also the church as a whole. In this book
twenty-one noted scholars consider the fascinating ancient book of
Genesis in dialogue with historical and contemporary theological
reflection. Their essays offer new vistas on familiar texts,
reawakening past debates and challenging modern clich s.
Contributors: Gary A. Anderson Knut Backhaus Richard Bauckham
Pascal Daniel Bazzell William P. Brown Stephen B. Chapman Ellen T.
Charry Matthew Drever Mark W. Elliott David Fergusson Brandon Frick
Trevor Hart Walter J. Houston Christoph Levin Nathan MacDonald Eric
Daryl Meyer R. Walter L. Moberly Michael S. Northcott Karla
Pollmann R. R. Reno Timothy J. Stone
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