"Vital Signs Monitoring," provides the minimum infrastructure needed to track the overall condition of natural resources in parks and to provide early warning of situations that require intervention. The scientifically sound information obtained through this systems-based program has multiple applications for management decision-making, park planning, research, education, and promoting public understanding of park resources.

"Vital Signs Monitoring," provides the minimum infrastructure needed to track the overall condition of natural resources in parks and to provide early warning of situations that require intervention. The scientifically sound information obtained through this systems-based program has multiple applications for management decision-making, park planning, research, education, and promoting public understanding of park resources.

The Interagency Standards for Fire and Fire Aviation Operations states, references, or supplements policy for Bureau of Land Management, U.S. Forest Service, U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and National Park Service fire and fire aviation program management. Original source policy is stated or referenced throughout this handbook. This handbook attempts to quote verbatim, rather than to paraphrase policy that is stated elsewhere. It also attempts to limit duplication of source policy when a reference will suffice. Interagency Standards for Fire and Fire Aviation Operations is intended to comply with and support the Review and Update of the 1995 Federal Wildland Fire Management Policy (January 2001) and the Guidance for Implementation of Federal Wildland Fire Management Policy (February 13, 2009) and other existing federal policy. The Interagency Standards for Fire and Fire Aviation Operations provides fire and fire aviation program management direction for Bureau of Land Management, U.S. Forest Service, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and National Park Service managers.

Apostle Islands National Lakeshore (APIS) is composed of a group of 21 islands in western Lake Superior and part of the Bayfield Peninsula of northern Wisconsin. Disturbances, or distinct changes in vegetation cover, are an important part of how this ecosystem functions. Monitoring these disturbances through time will provide information regarding historic disturbance regimes compared to present and future conditions and trends. For this analysis, disturbances in and around APIS were delineated for six years, 2004-2009, using a combination of Landsat satellite imagery and high resolution aerial photos. A set of computer algorithms were employed (LandTrendr), in conjunction with a dense time series of Landsat imagery (one set for each year) to track vegetation changes in and around the park. LandTrendr was used to identify apparent disturbances, after which high resolution imagery (airphotos) was used for photo interpretation to substantiate evidence of a disturbance, and hence, validate whether the disturbance occurred. For each validated disturbance, we identified the agent of change (fire, forest harvest, development, flooding due to beaver activity, and blowdowns) in addition to the year of occurrence, and starting and ending vegetation classes.

This book details the importance of standardized methods for monitoring programs, the review recommended the development and use of a written protocol, including detailed Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs). The present document seeks to address this key recommendation.

Built in the decade or so before the First World War and now used as administrative offices for Fort Pulaski National Monument, the Quarantine Attendants' Quarters is the only historic structure remaining from the quarantine station established by the City of Savannah on Cockspur Island in 1889 and operated by the U. S. Public Health Service after 1899. Although the building has recently undergone extensive rehabilitation, this historic structure report was commissioned "to guide park management and staff in making the critical decisions concerning the interpretation, protection, and preservation of this historic resource." Historical research for this report began with a search of the archival records of Savannah City Council, which included "Minute Books, 1822-1864," held by the Georgia Historical Society, and "Records of the Committee on Public Health, 1861-1932," and "Quarantine Books, Quarantine Reports of Arrival of Vessels, Quarantine Station Reports, Contracts 1852-1957," all held at the City Hall Records Center. These and historic photographs in the park's collection provided documentation that the present structure is not the original residence constructed by the City of Savannah in 1891, as had been previously believed. Analysis of numerous historic maps, photographs, and NPS planning documents from the late 1930s support dating the building's construction to the first two decades of the twentieth century, most likely around 1912, but additional historical research will be necessary to document its construction more precisely. In particular, the records of the U. S. Public Health Service in the Philadelphia branch of National Archives would likely allow more precise dating of the building and perhaps provide original plans and specifications. Additional research in Navy records could document the extensive rehabilitation that the building underwent in 1942 and 1943, the results of which are now one of the building's more significant features. The last building associated with the quarantine station that operated on Cockspur Island from 1889 until 1937, the Quarantine Attendants' Quarters also represents a long history of non-military use of the island. Quarantine stations existed on Cockspur Island or across the sound at Lazaretto Creek off and on for most of two centuries, and lighthouse keepers came and went for almost as long. While Fort Pulaski's significance is of paramount importance, interpretation of other aspects of the island's military history is also possible, with the Navy's adaptation of the quarantine station during World War II changing the face of Cockspur Island almost as much as construction of the fort had done a hundred years earlier. Development of an historic resource study that focused on the island's use for quarantine would be particularly helpful in providing a context for understanding and interpreting the present building.

Fort Pulaski National Monument (NM) at Cockspur Island, Georgia, preserves a striking masonry fortification significant in American military history. Visitors to Form Pulaski NM learn how the golden age of coastal fortification ended on April 11, 1862, when the fort failed to withstand bombardment by Union forces who attacked it during the American Civil War using newly developed rifled canon. Other interesting themes relating to Fort Pulaski include its use as a prison for captured Confederate soldiers and as the site where John Wesley, founder of American Methodism, landed on Cockspur Island in 1736. Robert E. Lee also began his military career at Fort Pulaski by helping to oversee construction of the remarkable, once state-of-the-art example of "third system" coastal architecture. Of course, Fort Pulaski has also served as a location marking important moments in local history. However, several years passed after the United States Army abandoned the military post in 1879 before efforts to preserve the fort became serious. The War Department's announcement of the fort's selection as a potential national monument in 1915 and the proclamation of its official monument status in 1924 began a series of restoration efforts. When Fort Pulaski NM was transferred to the National Park Service (NPS) in 1933, the labor of the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) transformed the neglected fort and grounds into a place for the public to visit. Since then the 5,623-acre national monument has been carefully managed and maintained, although a temporary period of neglect beset the part between 1942 and 1948 when the site reverted to War Department management. This administrative history provides an overview of Fort Pulaski from the Colonial Period to the present with attention focused upon the origins, development, and management of the site as a unit of the national park system.

This Condition Report for the Fort Hill Rural Historic District of Cape Cod National Seashore reviews previous documentation of the cultural landscape and provides an updated evaluation of the condition of the property as well as updated guidance for both day-to-day and long-term landscape management and interpretation. This report consists of a historical overview, an inventory of existing conditions, and a review of the significance of landscape characteristics and features. Based on this information, the report revisits previous treatment recommendations for the site and examines current issues and alternative solutions. With input from property stewards, the report provides updated treatment recommendations consistent with the Secretary of Interior's Standards for the Treatment of Historic Properties (1992). Located in Eastham east of Route 6, the Fort Hill Rural Historic District provides expansive views of the Nauset Marsh and Atlantic Ocean. The 100-acre property includes Fort Hill rising 50 feet in elevation, Skiff Hill to the north rising 48 feet in elevation, Fort Hill Trail and Red Maple Swamp Trail. Notable features include the long stone walls, stone boundary markers, a sharpening rock used by Native Americans, and numerous archeological sites. The area was once two large farmsteads, which were owned by the Knowles family and their relatives by marriage, the Penniman family, from the 1740s through the 1940s. Much of the land was farmed up until the 1950s and acquired by the National Park Service in 1963. The Fort Hill area contains three National Register listings and one National Landmark designation. The Captain Edward Penniman house and barn were listed in the National Register in 1976. A portion of the Fort Hill area was included in the Nauset Archeological District in 1991 and designated as part of a National Landmark in 1992. A 100-acre area was listed as the Fort Hill Rural Historic District in 2001. The 100-acre area of the Fort Hill Rural Historic District roughly corresponds with the boundaries of the former Knowles and Penniman properties, extending to the edge of the marsh on the south and east boundaries, to Hemenway Road to the north, and the park boundary to the west. The district is significant in the areas of architecture, agriculture and community development during the period of 1786 to 1943. The district is located within Cape Cod National Seashore but also contains two privately-owned historic properties. The district contains four contributing buildings (three homes and a barn), one contributing archeological site, seven contributing structures (stone walls and foundations), and six contributing objects (property markers, landscape features, and the Native American sharpening stone). Non-contributing resources in the district are primarily associated with Park Service visitor facilities, which date to the 1960s. Maintenance of the open landscape has been an ongoing challenge for the Park Service. In 1995 the Olmsted Center for Landscape Preservation documented the site as part of the Cultural Landscape Report for Fort Hill. The report contains guidance to inform the park's General Management Plan and for the protection and long-term maintenance of the Fort Hill landscape. Specific recommendations relate to parking, removal of vegetation, additional plantings, and maintaining the open landscape. In 1998 the park prepared the Site Plan and Environmental Assessment for Fort Hill as well as the Cape Cod National Seashore Prescribed Burn Plan, Fort Hill 1999-2004. Both documents provide greater specificity for prescribed burn and mowing areas. Several years have elapsed since the park began implementing the recommendations from these reports. This Condition Report will evaluate the effectiveness of these recommendations and the existing historic character of the Fort Hill Rural Historic District.

This discussion of typical furnishings in ranch houses of western Dakota or eastern Montana during the last two decades of the nineteenth century was completed to fulfill the requirements of RSP H-1 from Theodore Roosevelt National Memorial Park. This unit of the National Park System on the western edge of North Dakota honors the activities of Theodore Roosevelt in that part of the west between 1883 and 1899. Roosevelt's active involvement in Dakota ranching lasted less than five years, but he visited his Elkhorn Ranch nearly every autumn on hunting trips. Roosevelt last saw the land where "the romance of my life began" in 1903. The spell of the North Dakota Badlands along the Little Missouri caught Roosevelt during his first extended stay in the region. The Badlands of the Little Missouri River possessed curious fantastic beauty and savage desolation in Roosevelt's eyes when he saw them in 1884.

This publication was prepared to satisfy the research needs as enumerated in Historical Resource Study Proposal FOSU-H-4, The First Two Forts, 1776-1904, and so much of Historical Resource Study Proposal FOSU-H-1, Historical Base Maps, Fort Moultrie, as applies to the first two forts. This report documents the structural history of the Revolutionary Fort Moultrie and the 1794-1804 fort. Fort Moultrie is well-known to students of American History. On two occasions actions centering on the fort had important and far reaching repercussions for our country. On June 28, 1776, American Patriots posted behind the palmetto and sand parapets of the fort repulsed, with heavy losses, a formidable British naval squadron. This victory came at an important time for the Americans. Until this moment, General George Washington in 1176 had accomplished little beyond hurrying the British evacuation of Boston. The American army sent to overrun Canada had collapsed. Now word came of a victory in the South. News of the success reached Philadelphia shortly after the Declaration of Independence had been proclaimed. Now independence might become something beyond the bold statements set forth on parchment. Then in December 1860 Major Robert Anderson, when threatened by South Carolina Secessionists, evacuated Fort Moultrie and transferred its garrison to Fort Sumter. Three and one-half months later, South Carolina artillerists from Fort Moultrie participated in the bombardment of Fort Sumter, which sparked the Civil War. There have been three Fort Moultries. The first of these was the palmetto and sand fort of the American Revolution, which the South Carolina assembly named in honor of Col. William Moultrie, following the repulse of the British fleet. Fort Moultrie, No. 1, disappeared in the post-Revolutionary years. Tradition has it swallowed by the sea. In 1794, when war with Great Britain appeared imminent, the Congress appropriated money for coastal defenses. Construction was started on Fort Moultrie, No. 2. With the easing of tensions following the Jay Treaty, work was suspended. The fort, a typical First System work, was completed in 1798 during the Quasi-War with France. Fort Moultrie, No. 2, was battered by high tides in 1803 and wrecked by the hurricane of 1804. Four years later, in 1808, when war again threatened with Great Britain, the construction of Fort Moultrie, No. 3, was commenced. A masonry work of the Second System, the fort was completed and garrisoned in December 1809. This is the Fort Moultrie of today, although it was greatly modified during the Civil War, the years 1872-1876, and between 1897 and 1903. There are no surface remains of the first two Fort Moultries, and this study is designed to provide information as to the structural history of these two forts. The location of these two forts will be pinpointed in hopes that an archeological investigation will be undertaken and their foundations exposed.

The Apartment Building, also known as the Rockefeller Building, is one of three extant buildings that were constructed as part of the U.S. Naval Radio Station, Winter Harbor, Maine, in 1934. The current project is focused on the Apartment Building and immediate adjacent landscape as identified in Project Management Information System (PMIS) 134906. The U.S. Naval Radio Station - Apartment Building (Bldg 1), Historic Structure Report (HSR) identifies significant historic features of the building and provides guidance for the treatment of the building. The project included archival research at the local and regional level, along

The Apartment Building, also known as the Rockefeller Building, is one of three extant buildings that were constructed as part of the U.S. Naval Radio Station, Winter Harbor, Maine, in 1934. The current project is focused on the Apartment Building and immediate adjacent landscape as identified in Project Management Information System (PMIS) 134906. The U.S. Naval Radio Station - Apartment Building (Bldg 1), Historic Structure Report (HSR) identifies significant historic features of the building and provides guidance for the treatment of the building. The project included archival research at the local and regional level, along with building investigation and research. Includes color and black and white photographs.

This study examines issues relevant to the implementation of an alternative transportation system designed to facilitate the movement of visitors throughout the park and, potentially, to sites of historical and recreational interest located outside the boundaries of the park. It provides an initial analysis of existing conditions at Minute Man NHP, and then considers various alternative transportation services (ATS) options in light of these conditions. ATS options include shuttle, tour, pedestrian and bicycle systems that can be implemented or expanded at Minute Man NHP.

This report summarizes the Phase II planning effort conducted by the park and the US Department of Transportation's Volpe Center (the Volpe Center) to articulate a viable park-community pilot transit service for Morristown National Historical Park. Morristown National Historical Park consists of four separate units that played important roles during the Revolutionary War-Washington's Headquarters, Fort Nonsense, Jockey Hollow Encampment Area, and New Jersey Brigade Encampment. The combination of one-way roads, heavy traffic, and complicated intersections makes travel between the four units difficult, confusing, and even dangerous for out-of-town visitors. In coordination with the park, the Volpe Center designed and facilitated a park-community planning charrette where park staff and stakeholders within the community discussed and proposed alternative pilot shuttle service routes. These routes were then analyzed and evaluated, and a recommended pilot transit service route was articulated. The report concludes with "next steps" for advancing the recommended pilot transit service to implementation.

This study establishes the baseline air and noise emissions for Santa Monica before the implementation of shuttle service. The report consists of an Introduction, a section describing Santa Monica, a section on Air Emissions, a section on Noise Emissions, a Results section, a Conclusions and Recommendations section, and a References section. All input data for the air and noise emissions prediction models are presented in Appendix A, and all outputs for the air emissions prediction model are presented in Appendix B.

A visitor vehicle emissions study was conducted for Joshua Tree National Park. This study was a joint effort between the NPS, the National Park Foundation (NPF), and the Volpe National Transportation Systems Center's Environmental Measurement and Modeling Division (Volpe Center). The goal of this study was two-fold: (1) Develop a park-specific baseline vehicular emissions inventory of carbon monoxide (CO), the volatile organic compound (VOC) category of hydrocarbons (HC), nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon dioxide (CO2), 2.5-micron particulate matter (PM2.5), and 10-micron particulate matter (PM10) NOTE: PM in this document indicates total particulate matter, including exhaust PM (lead, gasoline PM, elemental carbon, organic carbon, and sulfates), brake PM, and tire PM]; and (2) develop a simplified methodology to produce vehicular emissions inventories for varying visitor traffic scenarios.

As part of a National Park Service (NPS) project to evaluate vehicular emissions in the National Parks, a visitor vehicle emissions study was conducted for Pt. Reyes National Seashore. This study was a joint effort between the NPS, the National Park Foundation (NPF), and the Volpe National Transportation Systems Center's Environmental Measurement and Modeling Division (Volpe Center). The goal of this study was two-fold: (1) Develop a park-specific baseline vehicular emissions inventory of carbon monoxide (CO), the volatile organic compound (VOC) category of hydrocarbons (HC), nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon dioxide (CO2), 2.5-micron particulate matter (PM2.5), and 10-micron particulate matter (PM10) NOTE: PM in this document indicates total particulate matter, including exhaust PM (lead, gasoline PM, elemental carbon, organic carbon, and sulfates), brake PM, and tire PM]; and (2) develop a simplified methodology to produce vehicular emissions inventories for varying visitor traffic scenarios.

This project assesses transportation management issues at Fort McHenry National Monument and Historic Shrine in the Locust Point area of Baltimore. Goals of the study include mitigating traffic congestion and idling of school or tour buses, encouraging transit modes separate from bus and automobile travel (waterborne and ferry travel, for example), and linking alternative transport to the potentially revitalized/expanded visitor center.

This project identifies and evaluates transit service alternatives in the Gettysburg, Pennsylvania area, including Gettysburg National Military Park, the Borough of Gettysburg, and surrounding townships. The report concludes that public transit would allay the problems of resource damage due to traffic congestion and off-road parking, which would lead to enhanced visitor experience. Based on discussions with park service personnel and analysis of park visitation data, Volpe recommends a time frame to utilize a transit network during the peak-demand season. Finally, recommendations are made as to which vehicles should be purchased, how the added operations and maintenance costs should be funded, and the best method of service delivery.

This report assesses opportunities for expanding Lowell National Historical Park's historic trolley line by implementing a light rail system reminiscent of late 19th/early 20th Century trolley lines. This is in line with the Park Service's Transportation Mission to preserve and protect resources while providing safe and enjoyable access within the National Parks by using sustainable, appropriate, integrated transportation solutions. This Plan uses as a starting point the existing trolley system, the Park Service and the LNHP commitment to Alternative Transportation Systems (ATS), and the on-going efforts to revitalize the City of Lowell. Objectives relate to mobility for visitors and residents, reducing traffic congestion, intra-regional connectivity, economic development, and maintaining and interpretive and educational context. Four major routes are identified and options for these routes evaluated, using the Objectives and Route Selection Criteria.