First Published in 1998. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

Neal E. Miller's pioneering work in experimental psychology has earned him worldwide respect. This second in a two-volume collection of his work brings together forty-three of Miller's most important and representative essays on learning, motivation, and their physiological mechanisms. They were selected on the basis of their current relevance and their historical significance at the time they were published. In order to emphasize the main themes, essays on a given topic have been grouped together.Learning, Motivation, and Their Physiological Mechanisms begins when the author first discovered the thrill of designing and executing experiments to get clear-cut answers concerning the behavior of children and of rats. The first study was one of the earliest ones on the behavioral effects of the recently synthesized male hormone, testosterone. The second was one of the earliest studies demonstrating the value of using a variety of behavioral techniques to investigate the motivational effects of a physiological intervention. The next studies investigated the satisfying and rewarding effects of food or water in the stomach versus in the mouth and the thirst-inducing and reducing effects of hyper- and hypotonic solutions, respectively, injected into the brain. The last study describes a technique devised for extending the analysis of the mechanism of hunger to the effects of humoral factors in the blood.The study is completed with an examination of trial-and-error learning that was motivated by direct electrical stimulation of the brain and rewarded by the termination of such stimulation. Other studies show that the stimulation via such electrodes not only elicits eating, but also has the principal motivational characteristics of normal hunger. The conclusion deals with a series of experiments that overthrows strong traditional beliefs by proving that glandular and visceral responses mediated by the autonomic nervous system are subject to instrumental learning, which can be made quite specific.

First published in 1998. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

Neal E. Miller's pioneering work in experimental psychology has earned him worldwide respect. This second in a two-volume collection of his work brings together forty-three of Miller's most important and representative essays on learning, motivation, and their physiological mechanisms. They were selected on the basis of their current relevance and their historical significance at the time they were published. In order to emphasize the main themes, essays on a given topic have been grouped together.

"Learning, Motivation, and Their Physiological Mechanisms" begins when the author first discovered the thrill of designing and executing experiments to get clear-cut answers concerning the behavior of children and of rats. The first study was one of the earliest ones on the behavioral effects of the recently synthesized male hormone, testosterone. The second was one of the earliest studies demonstrating the value of using a variety of behavioral techniques to investigate the motivational effects of a physiological intervention. The next studies investigated the satisfying and rewarding effects of food or water in the stomach versus in the mouth and the thirst-inducing and reducing effects of hyper- and hypotonic solutions, respectively, injected into the brain. The last study describes a technique devised for extending the analysis of the mechanism of hunger to the effects of humoral factors in the blood.

The study is completed with an examination of trial-and-error learning that was motivated by direct electrical stimulation of the brain and rewarded by the termination of such stimulation. Other studies show that the stimulation via such electrodes not only elicits eating, but also has the principal motivational characteristics of normal hunger. The conclusion deals with a series of experiments that overthrows strong traditional beliefs by proving that glandular and visceral responses mediated by the autonomic nervous system are subject to instrumental learning, which can be made quite specific.

Neal E. Miller's pioneering work in experimental psychology has earned him worldwide respect. This first of a two-volume collection of his work brings together twenty-one of Miller's most important and representative essays on conflict, displacement, learned drives, and theory. They were selected for both their current relevance and their historical significance. The theoretical and experimental analysis of conflict behavior in Part I grew out of an interest in applying the laws of learning that Pavlov discovered in the laboratory to certain phenomena that Freud discovered in the clinic. This led naturally to a similar analysis of displacement in Part II and also to the studies of fear as a learnable drives in Part III. In contrast with the ease of establishing learned fear on the basis of pain, the studies in Part IV show that it is much more difficult, and perhaps impossible, to establish learned appetitive drives on the basis of hunger or thirst. In the first experiments on drugs, Part V attempted to test the applicability of some of the principles discovered by Pavlov in experiments on classical conditioning to the trial-and-error learning situation studied by Thorndike and now frequently called operant conditioning. Later studies of drugs are closely related to the work on fear and conflict and, hence, are grouped nearby. The first of the theoretical chapters in Part VI summarizes the work on conflict behavior as well as many of my other theoretical ideas, including a cybernetic analysis of behavior. Another chapter is the result of an assignment to represent behavioral sciences, from physiology through anthropology.

Neal E. Miller's pioneering work in experimental psychology has earned him worldwide respect. This first of a two-volume collection of his work brings together twenty-one of Miller's most important and representative essays on conflict, displacement, learned drives, and theory. They were selected for both their current relevance and their historical significance.

The theoretical and experimental analysis of conflict behavior in Part I grew out of an interest in applying the laws of learning that Pavlov discovered in the laboratory to certain phenomena that Freud discovered in the clinic. This led naturally to a similar analysis of displacement in Part II and also to the studies of fear as a learnable drives in Part III.

In contrast with the ease of establishing learned fear on the basis of pain, the studies in Part IV show that it is much more difficult, and perhaps impossible, to establish learned appetitive drives on the basis of hunger or thirst. In the first experiments on drugs, Part V attempted to test the applicability of some of the principles discovered by Pavlov in experiments on classical conditioning to the trial-and-error learning situation studied by Thorndike and now frequently called operant conditioning. Later studies of drugs are closely related to the work on fear and conflict and, hence, are grouped nearby.

The first of the theoretical chapters in Part VI summarizes the work on conflict behavior as well as many of my other theoretical ideas, including a cybernetic analysis of behavior. Another chapter is the result of an assignment to represent behavioral sciences, from physiology through anthropology.

Kontakte zwischen Psychologie und anderen Verhaltenswissenschaften mit der Medizin waren bisher fast ausschliesslich auf die Psychiatrie und zu einem geringeren Ausmass auf die Padiatrie beschrankt. In den letzten Jahren haben fruher seltene Kontakte mit den ubrigen medizinischen Disziplinen ein "kritisches" Ausmass erreicht und wachsen rasch weiter: Aus diesen Beziehungen entstand das anregend neue interdisziplinare Gebiet der Verhaltensmedizin (behavioral medicine). Immer mehr Psycho- logen und andere Verhaltenswissenschaftler begannen mit den verschiede- nen Zweigen der Organmedizin zusammenzuarbeiten und entdeckten dabei neue Forschungsgebiete und entwickelten neue und bedeutsame Loesungen fur praktische Anwendungen. Diese Differenzierung zwischen Psychologie, Verhaltenswissenschaften und Medizin stimulierte eine fruchtbare Sym- biose zwischen Laboratorium und Klinik. In diesem Entwicklungsstadium der Verhaltensmedizin ist es zweifellos ein glucklicher Umstand, dass Autoren mit den exzellenten Qualifikationen Birbaumers, Gerbers und Miltners die verschiedenen Entwicklungstendenzen in der Verhaltens- medizin aus beiden Seiten des Atlantiks zusammengefugt haben. Das Inhaltsverzeichnis spiegelt die Breite dieser neuen Disziplin, die in diesem Buch umfassend dargestellt wird, wider. Mehrere Einflussfaktoren trugen zur raschen Entwicklung der Ver- haltensmedizin bei. In den entwickelten Landern ist mit dem Ruckgang der Infektionserkrankungen als Todesursache der Beitrag behavioral-psycho- logischer Faktoren zur Entstehung und Aufrechterhaltung von Krankheit stark angestiegen. Eine Reihe von Studien haben nachgewiesen, dass behaviorale Faktoren wie z. B. Rauchen, zu viel und falsch Essen, Alkohol- missbrauch, Stress und ungeschicktes, feindseliges Typ-A-Verhalten inzwi- schen eine entscheidende Rolle bei der Verursachung von Mortalitat und Morbiditat spielen.