This book provides an in-depth view on engineered nanomaterials (ENM) pulmonary effects and familiarizes readers with unique aspects of nanomaterial application and research, such as the effects of physicochemical properties on cellular uptake and toxicity. It focuses on the diagnostic and therapeutic utilities of nanomaterials in different lung diseases. The book discusses the novel applications of nanotechnology for the treatment of airway diseases such as asthma, allergy, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, cystic fibrosis, and lung cancer. It also discusses the strategies to overcome the pathophysiological and technical barriers as an attempt to synchronize the efforts of pulmonary biologists, chemists and clinicians to develop novel nano-based diagnostics, imaging, and therapeutics tools for airway diseases.